GIFT  OF 


f ' 


THE 


SPANISH  VERB 


WITH  AN  INTRODUCTION  ON 


SPANISH    PRONUNCIATION 


BY 
IST  LIEUT.  PETER   E.    TRAUB,    IST  U.  S.  CAVALRY 

ASSISTANT    PROFESSOR   OF    FRENCH    AT   THE    U.    S.    MILITARY    ACADEMY 

UNDER   THE   DIRECTION   OF 

PROFESSOR   E.    E.   WOOD 

DEPARTMENT    OF   MODERN    LANGUAGES,    U.    S.    M.    A. 


NEW   YORK  - :  -  CINCINNATI  - :  -  CHICAGO 

AMERICAN    BOOK    COMPANY 


PRESERVATION 
COPY  ADDED 


COPYRIGHT,  1900,  BY 
P.    E.   TRAUB 


THE   SPANISH   VERB 
E-P     1 


PREFACE 


OWING  to  the  acquisition  of  our  new  territory  in  the  Atlantic  and 
Pacific  as  the  result  of  the  Hispano- American  War  of  1898,  an 
intimate  knowledge  of  the  Spanish  language  has  suddenly  become  of 
great  military,  naval,  industrial,  and  commercial  importance.  The 
Pronunciation  and  the  Verb  are  the  prime  factors  of  this  knowledge, 
since  without  them  the  intelligent  expression  of  thought  would  be 
impossible. 

The  necessity  for  writing  this  book  lies  in  the  fact  that  there  is  no 
treatise  on  the  Spanish  verb  in  existence,  and  no  satisfactory  work  on 
Spanish  pronunciation. 

This  book  embodies  the  results  of  the  corresponding  portion  of 
the  system  in  vogue  at  the  United  States  Military  Academy,  whereby 
a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  essentials  of  Spanish  is  imparted  to 
the  cadet  in  the  short  period  of  three  months. 

The  portion  treating  of  pronunciation  is  in  accordance  with  the 
latest  teaching  of  the  Spanish  Academy,  and  takes  into  account  the 
peculiarities  attending  the  Spanish-American  speech  as  found  to-day 
in  our  Island  possessions.  The  system  followed  in  the  verb  is  that 
of  constant  repetition,  every  verb  being  fully  written  out,  even  the 
English  translation  in  each  case.  Experience  in  teaching  convinces 
nearly  all  instructors  that  constant  and  unabridged  repetition,  not  only 
for  the  ear  but  also  for  the  eye,  is  the  only  correct  way  to  teach  a  lan- 
guage, and  more  especially  the  verbs  of  a  language. 

A  constant  reference  was  of  course  necessary  to  the  Grammar  of  the 
Spanish  Academy,  the  foundation  of  all  works  on  this  language  pub- 
lished here  and  abroad. 

1-8 


iv  PREFACE 

I  wish  to  tender  my  grateful  acknowledgments  to  Professor  E.  E. 
Wood,  Department  of  Modern  Languages,  U.  S.  M.  A.,  for  nearly 
everything  of  value  and  originality  in  this  book,  both  in  the  material  and 
in  the  arrangement.  The  explanation  of  the  reflexive  substitute  for  the 
passive,  the  lucid  method  of  writing  out  the  imperative  affirmative  and 
negative,  the  presentation  of  the  reflexive  verbs,  the  uses  of  ser  and 
estar,  and  nearly  all  the  remarks  concerning  the  formation  of  the  verb 
and  the  use  of  the  tenses,  are  original  with  him,  have  been  constantly 
made  use  of  by  him  in  the  section-room  at  West  Point,  and  now  appear 
in  print  for  the  first  time.  Even  when  occupied  with  most  pressing 
duties,  he  would  kindly  consent  to  go  over  the  manuscript  patiently,  ad- 
vising, correcting  and  suggesting  points  that  invariably  enhanced  its 
value. 

PETER    E.    TRAUB. 

WASHINGTON,  D.  C.,  October  i,  1899. 


TABLE    OF    CONTENTS 


SPANISH    PRONUNCIATION 

PAGE 

The  Alphabet        .                                                                   .         .         .  I 

Pronunciation         ...                   .                   .         .         .         .  I 

Vowels           .....                   .....  2 

Consonants   ...........  3 

Exercises  for  Vowels  and  Consonants      ......  5 

Diphthongs  and  Triphthongs           .......  6 

Exercises  for  Diphthongs  and  Triphthongs      .....  6 

The  Written  or  Graphic  Accent      .                   .  7 

Syllabication .8 

Capitals  and  Punctuation         .....  .9 

General  Exercises           .........  9 

Reading  Exercise  ..........  10 

Spanish- American  Pronunciation 12 


THE    SPANISH    VERB 

Classification  of  Spanish  Verbs        ...  ...  13 

The  Three  Conjugations         .          .          .          .         .         .         .         .  13 

On  the  Use  of  the  Tenses 15 

General  Remarks  on  the  Formation  of  the  Verb        .         .         .         .  17 

Conjugation  of  the  Auxiliary  Verb  Haber         .....  20 

Regular  Verbs  :  Terminations  of  the  Three  Conjugations  .         .  21 

Conjugation  of  the  Model  Verb  Hablar   ......  24 

The  Formation  of  the  Compound  Tenses          .         .         .          .         .  27 

Compound  Tenses  of  Hablar  ........  28 

The  Interrogative  Conjugation         ...  ...  30 

The  Negative  Conjugation      .          .          .         .          .         .         .         .  31 

The  Negative-Interrogative  Conjugation  .  ...  34 

Conjugation  of  the  Model  Verb  Comer     ......  36 

Conjugation  of  the  Model  Verb  Vivir      .         .         .         .         .          .  38 

Orthographic  Changes    .  .          .          .          .          .          .          .  40 

Table  of  Orthographic  Changes       .......  40 

Conjugation  of  the  Verb  Sacar        .......  42 

"  "  "     Pagar        .......  44 

"  "          "     Averiguar  ......  46 

«  "          "     Lanzar      .          .  ....  48 


VI  CONTENTS 

PAGE 

Conjugation  of  the  Verb  Veneer       .         .                   ....  50 

"               "          "     Esparcir   .......  52 

"              "          "     Coger        .                  .....  54 

"                "           "     Dirigir      .          .          .          .          .          .          .  56 

"               "          "     Delinquir  .          .          .          .          .          .          .  58 

"               "          "     Distinguir          .  s                 .          .          .          .  60 

"               "          "     Muttir        .          .                    ....  62 

"               "          "     Brunir      .          .                    ....  64 

"               «          «     Ttfw^r        .....          .          .  66 

"               "          "     Creer          .......  68 

"               il          "     Continuar           ......  70 

"              "      Auxiliary  Verb  £rfdr           .         .         .          .          .  72 

"              "      Progressive  Verb  Estar  Comiendo         ...  74 

Pronominal  Verbs           .........  76 

Table  of  Personal  Pronouns  and  their  Inflections      ....  79 

Conjugation  of  the  (Accusative)  Reflexive  Verb  Lavarse  ...  80 

Negative  and  Interrogative  Conjugations  of  Reflexive  Verbs       .         .  82 

Conjugation  of  the  (Dative)  Reflexive  Verb  Permitirse      ...  84 

Conjugation  of  the  Permanent  Reflexive  Verb  Alegrarse          .         .  86 

Impersonal  Conjugation  .of  the  Permanent  Reflexive  Verb  Alegrarse  .  88 

Impersonal  Reflexive  used  for  the  Personal  Reflexive         ...  90 

Conjugation  of  the  Reciprocal  Verb  Abrazarse          .         .  9  1 

"              «      Auxiliary  Verb  Ser     ......  92 

"              "      Passive  Verb  Ser  Amado    .....  94 

Reflexive  Substitute  for  the  Passive          ......  96 

Impersonal  Verbs  ..........  97 

Conjugation  of  Impersonal  Verbs     .......  99 

Irregular  Verbs      ....                   .....  104 

First  Class  : 

Conjugation  of  the  Irregular  Verb  Pensar     .          .         .         .          .108 

"                «              «             "      Errar      .....  112 

«               «              "            «      Sonar       .....  114 

"               "              «            «      Jugar      .....  116 

"               «              «            "      Perder     .....  118 

"  "  "  "     Mover     .         .         .         .          .120 

"              "             "            «      Oler         .....  122 


.....  124 

"              «             «            «     Discernir  .....  126 
Second  Class  : 

Conjugation  of  the  Irregular  Verb  Sentir      .....  128 

"              "             «            «     Erguir    .....  130 
"               "              «            «      Adquirir           .         .          .          .132 

«              "             «            «     Morir      .....  134 


CONTENTS  Vll 

PAGE 


Third  Class  : 

Conjugation  of  the  Irregular  Verb  Servir       . 


tt 


Fourth  Class  : 

Conjugation  of  the  Irregukr  Verb  Conocer    .  .140 

tt               tt              «            "      Lucir        .  •        '44 

Fifth  Class  : 

Conjugation  of  the  Irregular  Verb  Atribuir  .  .146 

a               a             tt            "      Arguir     .          .          .  •          .148 

Sixth  Class  : 

Conjugation  of  the  Irregular  Verb  Andar     . 

tt              a             «           «      Gzfor       ...  .152 

«               «             «            «      Decir       .         .         •  •                 J54 

a               «              «            "      Traducir           .          .  .156 

a               <«              «            «      Hacer       .          .          .  •          .158 

«               tt             «            "      7\?^r        .  .160 

«               «             «•          «      Poner       .  .162 

«               «             «            <»      Querer     .          .  ,164 

«               «              «            "      6Vz^       ...  .166 

«               «             «            «      Tener       .          .         .  •          .168 

...  .170 

...  .172 

Seventh  Class  : 

Conjugation  of  the  Irregular  Verb  Asir  1  74 

.  .176 

.  .178 

«               «             «    .        "      Ir  .          .          •          •  •          .180 

«               «              «            "      Irse          .  .182 

«               «             «            «      6>/r           .  .184 

tt              tt             tt            tt     Salir        .  .186 

tt              tt             tt            tt      Valer       .  .188 
it              ti             tt            tt      ver          .....        190 

tt              tt             t<.            tt      Yacer       ...  .       192 

Table  of  the  Classes  of  Irregular  Verbs    .  194 
Defective  Verbs     . 

Conjugation  of  the  Defective  Verb  Abolir  •        I96 

Other  Defective  Verbs   .  .198 

Irregular  Past  Participles         .  •        2CO 

INDEX  .  .....       203 


SPANISH 

PRONUNCIATION  AND  ACCENT 


THE  ALPHABET 

I.   The  Spanish  alphabet  comprises  thirty  letters ;  twenty-six 
simple  and  four  compound,  as  follows : 


iracters 

Names 

Pronunciation      Characters 

Names 

Pronunciation 

a 

a 

a  in  mama 

n 

ene 

a'  nay 

b 

be 

bay 

n 

ene 

ain'  yay 

c 

ce 

tha  in  thane 

0 

0 

o  in  lone 

ch 

che 

cha  in  chafe 

P 

pe 

pay 

d 

de 

they 

q 

cu 

coo 

e 

e 

d  in  bale 

r 

ere 

a'  ray 

f 

efe 

a  fay 

rr 

erre 

air1  ray 

g 

ge 

hay 

s 

ese 

a  say 

h 

hache 

a'tchay 

t 

te 

ta  in  take 

i 

i 

ee  in  fee 

u 

u 

oo  m  pool 

j 

jota 

hcfta 

V 

ve 

vay 

k 

ka 

ca  in  carry 

w 

doble 

u  though  b  lay 

00 

1 

ele 

a'  lay 

X 

equis 

a'  kees 

11 

elle 

ail'  y  ay 

y 

ye 

yay 

m 

erne 

a'  may 

z 

zeta 

thata,(tkm 

thane) 

2.  These  letters,  consisting  of  vowels  and  consonants,  are  all 
of  the  feminine  gender  and,  with  the  exception  of  c  and  g,  have 
always  practically  the  same  sound.     Ex.:   la  i,  las  les;   la  jota, 
las  jotas. 

3.  A' and  w  are  used  only  in  words  from  foreign  languages. 
Ex. :   Washington,  kilogramo. 

PRONUNCIATION 

4.  In  Spanish  the  vowel  sounds  preponderate.    They  are  full 
and  sonorous,  whereas  the  consonant  sounds  are  more  or  less 
slurred  and  even  suppressed. 


2  PRONUNCIATION  —  VOWELS 

5.  With  the  exception  of  h  and  of  u  when  the  latter  is  placed 
after  q  (see  27),  and  in  certain  cases  when  placed  after  g  (see 
20,  3),  there  are  no  silent  letters  in  Spanish;   for,  excepting  the 
above,  every  letter  in  a  word  is  pronounced. 

6.  The  sounds  in  Spanish  are  not  given  as  sharply  as  in  Eng- 
lish, tonic  accent  being  nothing  more  than  a  lengthening  of  the 
accented  syllable.     This  indolent  intonation  produces  a  more  or 
less  drawling  effect  in  the  language,  when  spoken  slowly. 

NOTE  :  Until  the  written  or  graphic  accent  is  explained  (see  44),  the  vowel  to  be  pro- 
longed in  sound  will  be  indicated  in  heavy  type.  Should  a  written  accent  (')  appear  over 
a  vowel  in  heavy  type,  the  sound  is  not  at  all  affected  thereby. 

VOWELS 

7.  The  vowels  are  a,  e,  i,  (y,)  o,  u. 

a       sounds  like  a    in  mama.  Ex. :  la,  ma,  na,  ta,  fa. 

e       sounds  like  a    in  bale.  Ex. :  le,  me,  ne,  te,  fe. 

i  (y)  sounds  like  ee  in  fee.  Ex. :  li,  ly,  mi,  my,  ni,  ny,  ti,  ty. 

0       sounds  like  o    in  lone.  Ex.  :  lo,  mo,  no,  to,  fo. 

U       sounds  like  oo  in  pool.  Ex. :  lu,  mu,  nu,  tu,  fu. 

NOTE  :  In  these  and  similar  monosyllabic  examples  the  vowels  in  Spanish  are  pronounced 
without  the  slight  glide  at  the  end.  so  common  in  English,  and  making  almost  an  additional 
syllable.  Therefore  do  not  pronounce  as  though  it  were  lauh,  leuh,  Huh,  louh,  luuh,  etc.,  but 
do  pronounce  -without  this  addition,  clear,  full,  and  prolonged,  la,  le,  li,  lo,  lu,  etc. 

8.  Double  e  (66)  occurs  in  some  words.    Each  e  is  sounded. 

Ex. :   lee,  cree. 

9.  Final  unaccented  e  is  shortened  in  sound  like  ai  in  said. 

Ex.  :   vase  (va-se,  not  va-say). 

10.  Before  n  and  r,  ending  a  syllable, 

e  sounds  like  ai  in  fair.  Ex. :  comer,  romper,  gob^rnar. 
0  sounds  like  o  in  long.     Ex.:    el  humor,  el  honor,  la 
honra. 

11.  U,  when  sounded  before  another  vowel  in  the  same  sy  liable  y 
is  like  the  English  w  in  way.     Ex. :    agua  =  a-gwa,  bueno  = 
bweno,    Gudnica  =  Gwd-ni-ca    (not   a-goo-a,   boo-e-no,    Goo- 
d-ni-ca).    But  gradiie  =  gra-doo-e,  because  u  and  e  are  not  in 
the  same  syllable  (see  46). 

12.  Y  is  a  vowel  when  it  stands  alone  or  at  the  end  of  a  word. 
Ex.:    y,  ley,  rey. 


PRONUNCIATION — CONSONANTS  3 

CONSONANTS 

13.  The  consonants  are  b,  c,  ch,  d,  f,  g,  h,  j,  k,  1,  11,  m,  n,  n, 
p,  q,  r,  rr,  s,  t,  v,  w,  x,  (y,)  z. 

14.  B  is  almost  like  the  English  b,  but  the  lips  are  not  pressed 
together  in  sounding  the  Spanish  b.     Owing  to  this,  b  and 
v  sound  very  much  alike  and  are  often  mistaken  one  for  the 
other :  Spanish  Habana  is  written  and  pronounced  in  Eng- 
lish Havana.     Ex. :    bomba,  bonito,  d6bil,  de*bito. 

15.  C  has  two  distinct  sounds. 

1.  Before  e  or  i  it  has  the  strong  sound  of  ///  in  thin. 
Ex. :    cita,  cena,  Ponce. 

2.  In  all  other  situations  except  ck,  it  has  the  sound  of  k. 
Ex.:   cabo,.alcoba,  cubo,  electro. 

3.  Qu  takes  the  place  of  c  before  e  or  i  to  give  the  sound 
oik.     Ex.:   tocar,  toque,  chico,  chiquito. 

16.  Cc  occurs  only  before  e  or  z;  hence  in  accordance  with  the 
preceding  rule  it  has  the  sound   of   kth.     Ex. :    accesible, 
dicci6n. 

17.  Ch  has  the  sound  of  ch  in  church.     Ex. :  chulo,  china,  chico, 
chisme.      Ch  usually  follows  c  in  the  dictionary. 

18.  D  has   the   soft   sound   of   th  in  then ;    especially  between 
vowels,  and  before  r.     At  the  end  of  a  word  it  approxi- 
mates the  sound  of  t.     Ex. :   vivido,  hablado,  Madrid. 

19.  F,  k,  1,  m,  n,  p,  t,  have  the  same  sound  as  in  English. 
Ex. :   feble,  kil6metro,  luna,  mano,  notable,  pena,  tocado. 

20.  G  has  two  distinct  sounds. 

1 .  Before  e  or  i  it  is  a  palatal  guttural  like  ck  in  the  Ger- 
man ich.     Ex. :   general,  gengibre,  San  Germdn. 

2.  In  all  other  situations,  it  is  hard  like  g  in  go.     Ex. : 
gato,  gOma,  gusano. 

3.  To  make  g  hard  before  e  or  z,  u  must  be  inserted  be- 
tween them.     The  u  is  not  sounded.     Ex. :  gueta,  guincha, 
guindo,  gueltre,  Aguinaldo. 

4.  If  necessary  to  sound  the  it  of  gue,  gui,  a  diaeresis  (  "  ) 
must  be  placed  over  it.    Ex. :  verglienza,  averigu"e*is,  argu'ir, 
Mayagu'ez. 


4  PRONUNCIATION  —  CONSONANTS 

21.  H  is  always  silent  except  before  ue,  in  which  case  it  has  the 
sound  of  //  in  hole.    Ex.:   hablar,  hambre,  huevo,  hueso. 

22.  J  is  always  a  strong  guttural  produced   by  depressing  the 
chin  and  clearing  the   throat,  causing   the   soft   palate   to 
vibrate.     Ex. :   jota,  junta,  jamds. 

I.  In  reloj,  pronounced  rel6,/is  silent.     In  the  plural  it 
is  sounded,  relojes. 

23.  LI  has  the  sound  of  Hi  in  William.     Ex. :   llorar,  llevar, 
Agoncillo,  silla.     It  follows  /  in  the  dictionary. 

24.  Nm  takes  the  place  of  mm  in  English  words.    Ex. :  immer- 
sion =  inmersi<5n. 

25.  Nn  occurs  in  some  words,  each  ;/  being  sounded.     Ex. :    en- 
negrecer. 

26.  N  sounds  like  gn  in  mignonette.    Ex. :  ano,  lena,  otOno.     It 
follows  11  in  the  dictionary. 

NOTE  :  This  mark  (~)  is  called  tilde  in  Spanish. 

27.  Q  occurs  only  before  tie  or  ui.     Qu  is  then  equal  to  k  in 
sound.    Ex. :  que,  qui,  querido,  quiero.    The  English  sound 
of  qu  in  quart  is  represented  in  Spanish  by  en.    Ex. :  cuanto, 
cuarto. 

28.  R  has  the  sound  of  r  in  English ;   but  at  the  beginning  and 
end  of  words  and  after  /,  ;/,  s,  it  is  slightly  rolled.     Ex. : 
roto,  hablar,  alrededor,  Enrique,  ara. 

29.  Rr,  each  r  is  distinctly  sounded,  thus  producing  a  strong 
roll.     Ex. :   perro,  ferrocarril,  error. 

30.  S  always  has  the  hissing  sound  of  s  in  sun.  Ex. :  su,  se,  solo, 
son. 

31.  V  is  like  the  English  v,  except. that  the  upper  teeth  are  not 
firmly  pressed  against  the  lower  lip ;   owing  to  this,  v  and 
b  sound  very  much  alike,  and  are  often  mistaken  one  for 
the  other.     Ex. :   vara,  vela,  visto,  votos. 

32.  W  imitates  the  sound  it  has  in  the  language  from  which  the 
word  is  taken,  for,  like  k,  it  is  used  only  in  foreign  words. 
Ex.:   Wdldersee,  West  Point  (pronounced  Vdldersee,  Uest 
Point). 

33.  X  has  the  sound  of  x  in  wax  (waks).     Ex. :  sexo,  extran- 


PRONUNCIATION  —  EXERCISES  5 

gero,  extreme.    In  older  Spanish  x  was  guttural,  but/  now 
takes  the  place  of  guttural  x.     Ex. :    Mexico. 

34.  Y  is  a  consonant  when  it  begins  a  syllable ;   it  then  has  ±he 
sound  of y  myou.     Ex.:    leyes,  reyes,  Cayo,  Arroyo. 

35.  Z  always  has  the  strong  sound  of  th  in  thin.     Ex. :   zeta, 
zapador,  haz,  zanja,  Luz6n,  Munoz,  Martinez. 

EXERCISES 

SIMPLE   VOWELS    AND    CONSONANTS 

NOTE  :  In  the  following  words,  if  a  vowel  has  an  accent  (')  over  it,  lengthen  that  vowel. 
If  there  is  no  accent  (')  over  any  vowel  and  if  the  word  ends  in  a  vowel  or  n.  s,  lengthen  the 
vowel  in  the  syllable  next  to  the  last ;  but  if  the  word  ends  in  ;•  or  a  consonant  not  ;z,  j, 
lengthen  the  vowel  in  the  last  syllable.  The  syllable  that  is  lengthened  should  always  be  a 
little  higher  in  pitch  than  the  others. 

36.  Amo,  aya,  toro,  tela,  vive,  luna,  uno,  cuyo,  nina,  vine,  ley, 
rey,  otro,  tintero,  amigo,  amputar,  capa,  escabeche,  modista, 
mogote,  purismo,  santidad,  gobernador,  triste,  humanidad,  ber- 
lina,  encorvar,  encorvada,  todos,  usted,  canon,  rifle,  pistola, 
grano,  hacha,  cruz,  caballo,  cenceno,  cepita,  comiste,  hablaste, 
corromper,  proveer,  yacer,  asen,  asgan,  boveda,  conozco,  muchi- 
simo,  chiche,  chiquito,  cigarra,  ciclo,  cigiieiio,  cincho,  certificado, 
dolor  de  cabeza,  fechar,  filosofador,  garganta,  girofina,  glandu- 
Icso,  gerifalte,  gitano,  gorgojoso,  gorro,  guzmanes,  gutural, 
borracho,  guindilla,  guerrilla,  guedejudo,  hombre,  hocico,  juez, 
juzgado,  joya,  judas,  jarapote,  reloj,  giralda,  gesticular,  liguilla, 
libertadamente,  lucir,  llovido,  llevadero,  conmigo,  chiquirritm, 
motin,  motines,  motilon,  motilones,  ennoblecer,  quemar,  quere- 
llarse,  quintanon,  quiromantico,  santazo,  sanmigueleno,  samp- 
suquino,  expansive,  extranamente,  proximo,  contrahaz,  con- 
trabandista,  azucena,  revolver,  tipografico,  cloroformo,  carac- 
teristico,  sinopsis,  aproches,  virulento,  enfermiza,  cable,  capitan, 
soldado,  cabo,  sargento,  coronel,  ejercito,  electrometro,  ellos, 
vosotras,  ustedes,  gramatica,  adjetivo,  nombre,  pronombre, 
castellana,  ejemplos,  hija,  silabas,  acento,  culebrazo,  damninca- 
dor,  desasosegadamente,  musica,  mojiganga,  regocijadamente, 
segundogenito,  sencillez,  villancejo,  yasquero,  zipizape,  Malate, 
Malolos,  Quebradillas,  Manila,  Luneta,  Fajardo,  Culebra,  Man- 
zanillo,  Filipinos. 


6  DIPHTHONGS 

DIPHTHONGS   AND   TRIPHTHONGS 

37.  The  strong  vowels   are,  a,  o,  e ;   the  weak  vowels  are  i 

(y),  "• 

NOTE  :  y  takes  the  place  of  i  at  the  end  of  a  word. 

38.  A  diphthong  is  a  combination  of  a  strong  vowel  with  a 
weak  vowel  or  of  two  weak  vowels  with  each  other,  counting  as 
a  single  syllable,  although  each  vowel  has  its  own  individual 
sound. 

39.  A  triphthong  is  a  combination  of  a  strong  vowel  between 
two  weak  vowels,  counting  as  a  single  syllable,  although  each 
vowel  has  its  own  individual  sound. 

40.  In  a  diphthong  or  triphthong,  the  strong  vowel  is  pitched 
a  little  higher  than  the  weak  and  is  prolonged  at  the  expense  of 
the  weak  vowel  or  vowels.     If  the  diphthong  consists  of  two 
weak  vowels,  it  is  always  the  last  one  that  is  prolonged. 

41.  Two  strong  vowels  coming  together  count  as  two  syllables. 
Ex. :   ae,  ao,  o]e,  e|o,  e|a,  o|a. 

trae,  maestro,  aecho,  acaece ;  nao,  rao,  aova,  aojo ;  toesa, 
moeda,  roer,  poeta;  meneo,  deseo,  veo,  trineo ;  oce*ano,  zea, 
lea,  sean,  aspeado;  boa,  boato,  poa,  roano ;  zee,  lee,  rOo, 
zoofito,  Humacao,  Mindanao,  Coamo,  guineo. 

DIPHTHONGS.      (Strong  and  weak  vowels) 

42.  i.  ai,  ay,  au,  ia,  ua;  oi,  oy,  ou,  io,  uo;   ei,  ey,  eu,  ie,  ue. 
aire,  hay,  paraiso,  caiga;    pausa,  aun,  causar;   aliviado,  ro- 

ciada,  biasa,  piache  ;  cuando,  cuatro,  Juan,  mengua  ;  zoilo,  oigo, 
oidor,  hoy,  soy,  voy,  doy ;  bou,  toucan,  coutelina ;  Dios,  biombo, 
diobre ;  fatuo,  duodeno ;  aceite,  reino,  reir ;  rey,  bey,  dey ; 
deuda,  feudar,  viene,  tiempo,  nadie,  efigie  ;  nuevo,  pues,  puerto, 
bueno,  Cayey,  Siboney,  Jauco,  Yauco,  Santiago,  Guanajay,  El 
Caney,  Cauto. 

DIPHTHONGS.      (Two  weak  vowels) 
2.   iu,  ui,  uy. 
viudo,  ciudad,  diurno ;   zuiza,  fuir,  huimos,  ruido ;    muy. 


TRIPHTHONGS  —  GRAPHIC  ACCENT  7 

TRIPHTHONGS 

43.  iai,  iei,  uai,  uay,  uei,  uey. 

varidis,  varies,  averigudis,  averigu'eis,  Paraguay,  Uruguay, 
buey,  Chiluey. 

NOTE  :  The  vowels  in  the  order  of  sonorousness  are  #,  0,  e,  t,  u ;  so  that  the 
division  into  strong  and  weak  is  not  arbitrary  but  natural. 

It  is  belived  by  some  that  unless  a  diphthong  or  triphthong  gets  the  tonic  ac- 
cent each  vowel  is  of  exactly  the  same  length.  Ex. :  baile,  bailarin. 

In  the  first  case,  a  is  prolonged  at  the  expense  of  i,  because  bai  gets  the  tonic 
accent ;  whereas  in  the  second  case,  since  the  tonic  accent  is  not  on  bai,  it  is 
claimed  that  a  and  /  are  of  exactly  the  same  length.  This  might  be  the  case  if  the 
division  into  strong  and  weak  vowels  were  arbitrary ;  but  being  a  natural  division, 
based  upon  the  organs  of  speech,  diphthongs  and  triphthongs  should  always  be 
pronounced  more  or  less  the  same  way,  whether  they  get  the  tonic  accent  or  not. 

THE   WRITTEN   OR   GRAPHIC   ACCENT 

44.  The  graphic  accent  (')  indicates  to  the  eye  the  fact  that 
the  word  over  which  it  appears  is  an  exception  to  one  of  the 
two  general  laws  of  Spanish  pronunciation,  or  else  it  shows  that 
the  word  is  used  with  exceptional  meaning. 

These  laws  are : 

1.  Words  of  more  than  one  syllable  ending  in  a  vowel  (except 
y)t  or  in  a  diphthong,  or  either  of  the  consonants,  n,  s,  have  the 
tonic  accent  on  the  next  to  the  last  syllable.     Ex. :   amigo,  ven- 
tana,  hablan,  reyes,  porque,  seria,  nadie. 

2.  Words  of  more  than  one  syllable  ending  in  y,  or  in  any 
consonant  except  n  or  s,  have  the  tonic  accent  on  the  last  sylla- 
ble.    Ex. :    estoy,  Paraguay,  hablar,  corned,  mortal. 

45.  If  the  word  is  not  pronounced  in  accordance  with  the  above 
laws,  a  graphic  accent  must  be  used  to  indicate  which  syllable 
gets  the  tonic  accent.      Ex. :    rinc6n,  hue*rfano,  Andres. 

46.  If  the  syllable  requiring  the  graphic  accent  is  a  diphthong 
or  a  triphthong,  the  graphic  accent  must  be  placed  over  the  strong 
vowel,  or  over  the  last  of  two  weak  ones.     Ex. :   pielago,  des- 
pues,  caustico. 

But,  if  the  Spaniard  pronounces  the  word  (consult  Spanish 
dictionary)  with  the  tonic  accent  on  any  other  vowel,  the 


8  GRAPHIC  ACCENT — SYLLABICATION 

graphic  accent  must  appear,  of  course,  over  such  vowel,  thus 
dissolving  the  diphthong  or  triphthong  into  two  syllables.  Ex. : 
leido,  gradue,  dias,  bahia. 

47.  The  following  monosyllables  are  always  written  with  a 
graphic  accent: 

1.  The  preposition  a  and  the  conjunctions  e,  o,  u. 

2.  Monosyllabic  forms  of  verbs  in  the  Past  Definite.     Ex.: 
fui,  fue,  di,  dio,  vi,  vio,  etc. 

3.  The  more  emphatic  one  of  two  monosyllables  of  identical 
form.     Ex.:   el,  he,  el,  the',   mas,  more,  mas,  but;   tu,  tlwii,  tu, 
thy. 

48.  The  graphic  accent  is  used  to  distinguish  between  the  uses 
of  the  same  word  in  different  meanings.     Ex. :    solo,  only,  solo, 
alone ;    que?   wJiat  ?  que,  that\    como?  how?  como,  as;   bajo, 
I  go  down,  bajo,  under. 

49.  The  graphic  accent  is  used  in  certain  correlatives :  cuales 
.  .  .  cuales. 

NOTE  :  The  graphic  accent  over  the  /  does  away  with  the  dot,  t.  The  initial  letter  of  a 
sentence,  although  a  capital,  takes  the  graphic  accent  when  necessary.  Ex. :  A  decir  verdad, 
no  puedo  comer. 

50.  The  foregoing  is  the  method  of  using  the  graphic  accent 
adopted  by  the  Royal  Spanish  Academy  in   1888.     Up  to  that 
time  n  and  s  had  been  considered  as  consonants  ;  by  this  system, 
they  are  considered  as  vowels,  for  purposes  of  written  accentua- 
tion. 

SYLLABICATION 

51.  A  single  consonant  between  two  vowels  always  goes  with 
the  following  vowel  to  form  a  syllable :    ca-sa,  me-sa,  a-mor, 
flu-xion. 

52.  The  letters  ch,  II,  n  and  rr  are  considered  as  simple  con- 
sonants:    chi-co,  ca-lle,  ni-no,  tie-rra. 

53.  Generally  two  or  three  consonants  between  vowels  are 
separated ;   the  first  one  belonging  to  the  preceding  syllable : 
con-ten-to,  in-mer-sion,  ac-cion,  en-no-ble-cer. 

54.  Diphthongs  and  triphthongs  are  indivisible  :  bue-no,  la-bo- 
rio-so,  a-ve-ri-glieis,  ver-guen-za,  a-ve-ri-guais. 


CAPITALS  —  PUNCTUATION  9 

CAPITALS   AND   PUNCTUATION 

55.  Capitals  are  used  as  in  English. 
El  es  Juan.     Quiero  estar  en  Paris. 

56.  The  following  are  exceptions  : 

1 .  The  names  of  the  days  of  the  week  and  of  the  months  of 
the  year : 

January,  enero,  June,  junio,  August,  agosto ;  Monday,  lunes> 
Saturday,  sabado,  Sunday,  domingo. 

2.  Proper  adjectives : 

El  libro  frances,  the  French  book ;  el  comerciante  aleman,  the 
German  merchant. 

But  el  Frances,  the  Frenchman,  el  Aleman,  the  German. 

3.  The  pronoun  ^0,  unless  it  begins  a  sentence  or  introduces 
a  direct  quotation : 

Yo  estoy  aqui.     El  ha  dicho  :    "  Yo  tengo  dinero."     ^Que"  he 
dicho  yo? 

57.  Rules  for  punctuation  are  the  same  as  in  English,  except 
that  interrogative  and  exclamatory  sentences  require  in  addition 
an  inverted  mark  at  the  beginning  ( <? )   ( j  )  unless  the  sentence 
commences  with  an  interrogative  pronoun  or  adverb,  which,  al- 
ways having  an  accent,  will  indicate  sufficiently  the  kind  of  sen- 
tence.    This,  however,  is  not  always  followed,  and  it  is  always 
correct  to  use  the  two  marks  in  any  interrogative  or  exclama- 
tory sentence.    Ex. :  <?  Quiere  V.  este  libro  ?    Que  tienes,  Juanito  ? 
Que  lastima  !      j  Ay  de  mi ! 

GENERAL   EXERCISES 

DIPHTHONGS,   TRIPHTHONGS,   AND   TWO    STRONG   VOWELS 

58.  Aire,  airoso,  cantais,  hay,  causa,  caudal,  heroico,  voy,  soy, 
sois,  bou,  rey,  reinado,  veis,  feudo,  eunuco,  lluvia,  diablo,  cual, 
agua,  aprobacion,  nacion,  cuota,  mutuo,  fiel,  nieto,  nadie,  pues, 
fuego,  pueril,  ciudad,  viudo,  muy,  cuidado,  cuita.    Cambiais,  va- 
rieis,  fraguais,  guay,  santigueis,  buey,  pais,  aun,  oido,  lei,  armonia, 
penodo,  confie,  falua,  continue,  continue,  fluido,  dia,  tio,  duo, 
leido,  caida.      Caer,  traemos,  aecho,  aereo,  aerometro,  aoristo, 


I O  EXERCISES  —  READING 

aovado,  oenas,  oeste,  oenate,  eolico,  veo,  leo,  ea  pues !  marea, 
galantea,  cojea,  bautismo,  toreador,  canoa,  canoero,  canoi,  cano- 
ita,  guardia,  faccioso,  drogueria,  juez,  creere,  reunir,  heroe,  cua- 
dro,  cuaderno,  cuestion,  cuestiones,  matigiielo,  parihuela,  san- 
guisuela,  sangiieso,  excepcion,  argiiimos,  cuesta,  recuerdo,  hierro, 
suelo,  sueno,  yuxtaposicion,  conmociones,  gliepil,  relampaguea, 
meajuela,  piernas,  agonia,  debio,  menguada,  cuotidiano,  melifluo, 
zuizon,  mausoleo,  toalla,  meauca,  mauseolo,  Vizcaino,  Camagiie- 
yano,  Nicaraguense,  caracteres,  regimenes,  tengase,  buitre,  anda- 
mio,  ganzua,  ciguena,  cazuela,  cuidadoso,  tortuoso,  imbuido, 
Escorial,  majuelo,  Malagueno,  matrimonio,  narracion,  ocurren- 
cia,  cuarenta,  curioso,  distraido,  Guipuzcoano,  Leones,  idioma, 
ingeniero,  leudo,  juicio,  monstruo,  revuelto,  tejuelo,  santiguarse, 
viajero,  lisonjeah,  aeronautas,  titubeo,  bailadores,  pies,  aver- 
glienzo,  aguardo,  salteador,  naufrago,  hubiesemos,  mareado, 
oigo,  usario,  albaceazgo,  votacipn,  Sierra  Maestra,  Guayama, 
Aibonito,  Utuardo,  Vieques,  Cienfuegos,  Chihuahua,  Puerto 
Rico,  Puertoriquena. 

READING 

NOTE  :  Spanish  vowels  coming  together,  whether  in  the  same  or  different  words,  are 
sounded  with  a  smooth  glide  of  the  voice  from  one  to  the  other,  without  the  distinct  separa- 
tion made  in  sounding  the  vowels  in  English  words.  Ex. :  Mi^amigo^esta^aqui. 

LA    HERMANA   DE    LA    CARIDAD 

59.  "  —  Oyeme,  y  pasmate,  Eduardo.  Yo  he  visto  aqui,  un 
ministro  poderoso,  dueno  de  la  voluntad  del  rey,  caer  en  des- 
gracia.  La  gente  lo  sabia,  y  el  lo  ignoraba.  Un  baile  fue  la 
serial  de  su  desgracia.  La  reina  acostumbraba  a  bailar  todas 
las  noches  de  sarao  el  primer  rigodon  con  el :  la  noche  des- 
tinada  a  herirle,  no  lo  bailo.  Apartaronse  de  el  los  cortesanos 
como  si  estuviera  apestado  ;  rieronse  de  su  catadura  los  mismos 
que  le  prestaban  homenaje;  encontrose  en  aquellos  salones 
donde  todas  las  frentes,  hasta  las  frentes  coronadas,  le  acata- 
ban,  solo,  aislado,  sin  un  amigo.  Su  desgracia  crecio,  y  un  dia 
se  vio  preso,  y  otro  proximo  al  cadalso,  y  hoy  anda  acaso  en 
tierra  extrana,  pidiendo  una  miserable  limosna  para  mantener  a 
sus  hijos. 


READING  I  I 

—  iY  nosotros  podemos  temer  eso  mismo? 

—  Podemos,  debemos  temer  mas,  no  lo  dudes. 

—  Nos  iremos  a  un  pais  extrano. 

—  No  te  dejaran. 

—  Pero,  dijo  Eduardo  mirando  el  reloj,  aun  no  es  hora,  no, 
ni  con  mucho,  de  que  venga. 

-  j  Oh  !      j  Si  no  viniera,  Dios  mio ;   si  no  viniera,  como  he 
oido  susurrar  a  mis  enemigos  por  los  jardines  !  .  .  . 

Y  Margarita  se  pasaba  la  mano  con  delirio  por  la  frente,  como 
para  alejar  una  sombra. 

Tanta  era  su  preocupacion,  que  se  habia  olvidado  de  Angela. 
Su  ambicion  eclipsaba  su  amor.  Sin  embargo,  muy  grande  era 
el  peligro,  cuando  ella,  que  tanto  se  acordaba  siempre  de  sus 
rivales,  y  que  tanto  se  complacia  en  martirizar  a  Eduardo,  no  le 
echaba  en  cara  ironicamente,  como  de  costumbre,  la  dramatica 
escena  de  Angela.  Margarita  vivia  en  la  tempestad  por  el  ruido 
de  las  grandes  pasiones,  por  la  adoracion  de  las  gentes,  por  la 
grandeza  de  su  casa,  por  su  poder,  por  todas  esas  cualidades 
prestadas  que  eran  el  secreto  maravilloso  de  su  fortuna  y  de  sus 
placeres.  Todo  aquel  dorado  castillo  podia  caer  en  una  hora, 
en  un  momento  podia  destruirse  con  un  solo  soplo. 

Y  para  el  ser  que  esta  acostumbrado  a  respirar  el  aliento  de 
la  tempestad ;  para  el  que  vive  en  medio  de  las  encrespadas  pa- 
siones ;  para  el  que  no  tiene  mas  luz  que  la  luz  que  despiden 
todos  los  sentimientos  exaltados ;  para  ese  ser,  ciertamente, 
separarse  de  tal  atmosfera,  vivir,  agitarse  en  otros  horizontes 
mas  solitaries  6  mas  tranquilos,  equivale  a  la  muerte.  Esos 
seres,  que  buscan  el  ruido,  el  estre"pito,  la  tempestad,  la  lucha,  y 
quieren  vivir  siempre  luchando  y  combatiendo,  no  tienen  idea 
alguna  de  la  felicidad." 

E.  Castelar. 


12  SPANISH-AMERICAN   PRONUNCIATION 


SPANISH-AMERICAN   PRONUNCIATION 

60.  The    Spanish-American    countries    are    CUBA,  PUERTO 
Rico,  GUAM,  the  PHILIPPINE  ISLANDS,  Mexico,  Central  Amer- 
ica, Venezuela,  Argentina,  and  the  Western  Republics  of  South 
America. 

61.  Spanish  as  spoken  in  Spanish-American  countries  differs 
from  pure  Castilian  in  the  following  respects : 

(  C  before  e  and  it  and  )  , 

1.  <  ~  .      „  v  have  the  sound  of  s. 
{  Z  in  all  cases                5 

Constitucion,  pronounced  constitusion ;  zozobra,  pronounced 
sosobra\  azucena,  pronounced  asusena, 

2.  D  in  the   ending   ado,    is    silent:    hablado,    pronounced 
ablao. 

NOTE  :  D  in  the  ending  ido  should  never  be  silent :  comido,  never  pronounced  comio. 

3.  //  is  like  y  in  you :   caballo,  pronounced  cabayo\    millon, 
pronounced  miyon. 

NOTE  :  In  Spanish-American  pronunciation  we  also  find  that 

1.  gu  before  a  and  o  is  pronounced  like  w  :  agua,  pronounced  awa ;  antiguo, 
pronounced  antiwo. 

2.  b  before  ue  is  silent :  bueno,  pronounced  weno. 

3.  In  certain  localities  £  and  b  are  interchangeable  before  ue:  bueno  =  giieno. 

4.  es  is  generally  used  for  ex  when  followed  by  a  consonant  not  h :  escelente 
=  excelente. 

In  Spanish-American  spelling, 

5.  y  is  seldom  used  as  a  vowel :  rei  will  usually  be  found  instead  of  rey. 

6.  £-is  seldom  used  as  a  guttural;  jeneral  will  usually  be  found  instead  of  gen- 
eral. 

62.  In  Spanish-America  there  is  frequently  confusion  in  the 
use  of  the  graphic  accent;    hence  care  must  be  exercised,  espe- 
cially in  the  pronunciation  of  proper  names   of    persons    and 
places.     The  following  are  examples  of  words  that  are  rarely 
found  written  with  the  graphic    accent:    Gomez,   Garcia,   Las 
Guasimas,  Guantanamo,  Macias,  Cardenas. 

The  foregoing  Spanish- American  pronunciation  is  also  heard 
throughout  Southern  Spain  and  even  in  Castile.  In  dignified 
discourse,  however,  pure  Castilian  is  used. 


THE  SPANISH  VERB 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  SPANISH  VERBS 

63.  With  respect  to  their  form,  Spanish  verbs  are  divided 
into  regular,  irregular,  and  defective  verbs. 

1.  Regular  verbs  are   those  which   follow   the   model  verbs 
throughout. 

2.  Irregular  verbs  are  those  which  deviate  more  or  less  from 
the  model  verbs. 

3.  Defective  verbs  are  those  which  are  lacking  in  some  of  the 
persons  or  tenses. 

64.  With   respect    to    their    signification    and    use,    Spanish 
verbs  are  divided  into : 

1.  Auxiliary  verbs,  which  assist  in  the  conjugation  of  other 
verbs. 

2.  Active  or  transitive  verbs,  which  take  a  direct  object. 

3.  Neuter  or  intransitive  verbs,  which  do  not  take  a  direct 
object,  the  action  being  complete  in  itself. 

4.  Passive  verbs,  which   are   formed    from    active  verbs    by 
making  the  direct  object  of  the  active  verb  the  subject  of  the 
passive  verb. 

5.  Pronominal  verbs,  which  have  an  objective  pronoun  that 
represents    the    same    person    or    thing   as  the  subject  of  the 
verb. 

6.  Impersonal  verbs,  which  have  neither  subject  nor  object, 
and    usually  refer  to    some    phenomena    of  nature ;    they   are 
conjugated   only  in  the  infinitive,  present  and  past  participles, 
and  in  the    third    person    singular    of    the    other    moods    and 
tenses. 


14  THE    CONJUGATIONS 

The  Three  Conjugations 

65.  I.  All  Spanish  verbs   end   in   ar,  er  or  ir,  thus  giving 
rise  to  three  large  groups  of  verbs  called  conjugations. 

Verbs  ending  in  ar,  as  hablar,  to  speak,  belong  to  the  first 
conjugation. 

Verbs  ending  in  er,  as  comer,  to  eat,  belong  to  the  second 
conjugation. 

Verbs  ending  in  ir,  as  vivir,  to  live,  belong  to  the  third  con- 
jugation. 

2.  The  conjugation  of  a  verb  is  a  regular  arrangement  of  its 
moods,  tenses,  persons,  and  numbers. 

3.  In  Spanish  there  are  the  same  persons  and  numbers  as  in 
English  and  in  French. 

66.  In   Spanish  all  verbs   except  defective  verbs  are   conju- 
gated in  the  following  moods  and  tenses : 

INFINITIVE    MOOD 

Present  Infinitive.  Past  Participle. 

Present  Participle. 

/ 

INDICATIVE    MOOD 

Tenses  : 

Present. 

Imperfect. 

Past  Definite. 

Future. 
Conditional  (consequent  clause). 

SUBJUNCTIVE    MOOD 

Tenses  : 
Present. 

Imperfect  (first  form). 
Imperfect  (second  form). 

Future. 
Conditional  (antecedent  or  //clause). 

IMPERATIVE    MOOD 

Present  Tense. 


INFINITIVE  —  INDICATIVE  I  5 

This  arrangement  of  moods  and  tenses  has  been  adopted 
as  being  the  one  best  calculated  to  give  the  learner  a  proper 
understanding  of  the  uses  of  the  moods  and  tenses  of  a  Spanish 
verb.  It  is  not  the  arrangement  that  is  given  in  all  Spanish 
grammars. 

ON   THE   USE   OF    THE   TENSES 

67.  The  following  remarks  on  the  use  of  these  moods  and 
tenses  will  be  found  of  assistance.     They  should  be   carefully 
read   over   in  connection   with  the   conjugations   of   Jiaber  and 
the  model  verbs  and  the  respective  translations  noted. 

Infinitive  Mood 

68.  I.  The  present  infinitive  corresponds  to  the  French  and 
English  infinitive. 

2.  The  present  participle  corresponds  to  the  French  and  Eng- 
lish present  participle. 

3.  The  past  participle  corresponds  to  the  French  and  Eng- 
lish past  participle,  and  is  used  to  form  the  compound  tenses. 

Indicative  Mood 

69.  i.  The  indicative  mood  corresponds  to  the  French  and 
English  indicative. 

2.  The  present  tense  is  used  exactly  like  the  present  in  French 
and  English,  and  translates  the  three  forms,  —  the  absolute,  the 
emphatic,  and  the  progressive  ;  e.g.,  '  I  speak,'  '  I  do  speak,'  '  I 
am  speaking.' 

3.  The  imperfect  tense  corresponds  to  the  French  imperfect, 
and  translates  the  progressive  and  the  customary  past;   e.g.,  '  I 
was  speaking '  or  '  I  used  to  speak.' 

4.  The  past  definite  corresponds  to  the  French  past  definite 
and  like  the  latter  is  the  favorite  tense  for  historical  narration. 

5.  The  future  and  the  conditional  correspond  to  the  French 
future   and   conditional  and  to  the  English   shall    and   should 
respectively. 


1 6  SUBJUNCTIVE 

Subjunctive  Mood 

70.  I.  The  subjunctive  mood  in  Spanish,  just  as  in  French, 
expresses  doubt,  desire,  necessity  or  emotion,  and  is  used  in  a 
clause  dependent  on  a  verb  expressing  one  of  these  ideas.  In 
other  words,  the  rules  governing  the  subjunctive  in  Spanish  are, 
with  one  or  two  exceptions,  practically  the  same  as  in  French. 

2.  The  arrangement  of  the  tenses,  side  by  side  with  those  of 
the  indicative  mood,  followed  in  this  verb  book,  is  not  at  all  ne- 
cessary, and  is  done  merely  for  convenience. 

3.  The  present  subjunctive  in  Spanish  is  used  very  nearly  as 
the  present  subjunctive  in  French  is  used  ;  that  is,  to  express  pres- 
ent or  future  time  with  reference  to  a  verb  in  the  principal  propo- 
sition, in  the  present  or  future  indicative  or  in  the  imperative. 

4.  The  imperfect  subjunctive,  either  form  (preference  being 
given  to  the  form  in  se),  is  used  very  nearly  as  the  imperfect 
subjunctive  in  French  is  used ;    that  is,  to  express  present  or 
future  time  with  reference  to  a  verb  in  some  past  tense  in  the 
principal  proposition. 

5.  The  fact  that  there  are  two  forms  in  the  imperfect  subjunc- 
tive need  not  be  confusing,  for  we  have  in  English  the  same  two 
forms.     We  may  say  in  English,  'if  I  had'  or  'if  I  should  have,' 
which  mean  exactly  the  same  thing  and  correspond  precisely  to 
the  forms  in  Spanish,  si  hubiese  and  si  hubiera. 

6.  The  future  subjunctive  is  a  tense  that  does  not  occur  in 
French  or  English.     We  have,  however,  some  equivalent  to  it 
in  English :  we  may  say,  '  if  I  go  '  or  '  if  I  shall  go  ' ;  the  former 
being  the  more  frequent  and  conversational,  the  latter  the  more 
literary.    So  in  Spanish,  the  future  subjunctive  is  a  literary  tense 
and  is  supplanted  almost  entirely  by  the  present  subjunctive  at 
the  present  day,  except  where  necessary  to  expressly  refer  to 
some  future  contingency,  e.g.,  '  When  he  has  finished,  he  will 
write,'  Cuando  hubiere  concluido  escribira. 

7.  The  conditional  subjunctive  is  placed  beside  the  conditional 
indicative   merely  for  the   convenience   of   the    student,    and  is 
nothing  more  than  the  imperfect  subjunctive,  either  form,  used 
in  an  (/"-clause  (antecedent)  ;   the  resulting  proposition  (conse- 


IMPERATIVE  1 7 

quent  clause)  requiring  the  conditional  indicative.  There  is  this 
great  difference  between  Spanish  and  French :  if  (except  when 
used  with  a  present  tense)  requires  the  subjunctive  in  Spanish, 
whereas  in  French  it  requires  the  indicative. 

The  Spanish  usage  is  the  same  as  in  English:  'If  I  had  (or 
should  have)  gone,  I  should  have  seen,'  si  hubiese  (or  hubiera) 
ido,  habrta  visto. 

Imperative  Mood 

71.  i.  The  imperative  mood  is  the  mood  of  command ;  and, 
as  a  command  can  be  given  only  to  a  person  directly  addressed, 
the  trite  imperative  in  Spanish  exists  only  in  the  second  person 
singular  and  plural. 

2.  To  take  the  place  of  the  first  and  third  persons  singular 
and  plural,  lacking  in  the  imperative  affirmative,  the  correspond- 
ing persons  and  numbers  of  the  present  subjunctive  are  employed 
optatively. 

3.  It  is  a  noticeable  peculiarity,  however,  that  in  the  impera- 
tive negative,  the  second  persons  singular  and  plural  are  also 
taken  from  the  present  subjunctive ;   so  that  in  the  imperative 
negative  all  the  verb  forms  are  exactly  the  same  as  the  verb 
forms  of  the  same  persons  and  numbers  of  the  present  subjunc- 
tive.    On  account  of  this  confusing  peculiarity,  the  imperative 
affirmative  and  negative  are  given  for  all  verbs. 

4.  The  imperative  mood  is  always  in  the  present  tense  with 
reference  to  any  time,  past,  present  or  future ;   e.g.,  '  I  should 
have  said,  speak !  '     'I  said  to  him,  speak  ! '     'I  say  to  him, 
speak  !  '     'I  shall  say  to  him,  speak  !  '     'I  shall  have  said  to 
him,  speak !  ' 

5.  The  verb  habcr,  being  at  present  used  only  as  an  auxiliary 
verb,  has  no  imperative,  although  some  old  forms  survive  from 
its  former  use  as  an  active  verb. 

NOTE  :  See  haber,  impersonal,  p.  99. 

GENERAL  REMARKS  ON  THE  FORMATION  OF  VERBS 

72.  i .  As  already  stated,  the  infinitive  always  ends  in  ary  er 
or  /;-. 


1 8  FORMATION    OF   THE   VERB 

2.  The  present  participle  of   all  verbs  ends  in  ndo,  corres- 
ponding to  the  French  ending  ant  and  to  the  English  ending 
ing ;  ando  for  verbs  in  ar,  icndo  for  verbs  in  er  and  ir. 

3.  The  past  participle  ends  in  do  ;  ado  for  verbs  in  ar,  ido  for 
verbs  in  cr  and  ir. 

Indicative  Mood 

73.  I .  Notice  first  the  omission  of  all  pronoun  subjects,  where- 
in Spanish  differs  from  French  and  English.      The  inflectional 
endings  indicate  the  person,  number,  tense  and  mood ;   the  pro- 
noun subjects  are  therefore  not  used  unless  necessary  for  emphasis 
or  to  avoid  ambiguity  occasioned  by  certain  verb-forms  being  the 
same  for  different  persons  or  tenses.     This  dropping  of  pronoun 
subjects  may  occur  in  English  in  certain  cases;  as,  'Hast  heard 
the  news?'    '  Wilt  come  to-morrow?  '  etc.    This,  the  great  excep- 
tion in  English,  is  the  rule  in  Spanish.    In  the  conjugations  of  the 
model  verbs  the  pronoun  subjects  have  been  inserted  to  familiar- 
ize the  student  with  them  and  the  corresponding  verb  forms. 

74.  i.  Present  Tense:  The  ending  s  is  characteristic  of  the 
second  person  singular  of  the  present  indicative,  in  fact  of  all 
second  persons  singular  except  the  imperative  affirmative  and 
the  past  definite. 

2.  The  ending  mos  is  characteristic  of  the  first  person  plural 
in  all  moods  and  tenses,  and  corresponds  to  the  ending  ons  in 
French. 

3.  The  ending  is  is  characteristic  of  the  second  person  plural 
in  all  the  moods  and  tenses  except  the  imperative  affirmative, 
and  corresponds  to  the  ending  cz  in  French. 

4.  The  ending  n  is  characteristic  of  the  third  person  plural  in 
all  the  moods  and  tenses  and  corresponds  to  the  ending  ;//  in 
French. 

75.  Imperfect  Tense:   The  ending  i a  is  characteristic  of  the 
imperfect  indicative  (except  for  verbs  in  ar,  in  which  the  end- 
ing is  aba)  and  of  the  conditional  indicative,  and  corresponds  to 
the  ending  ais  in  the  French  imperfect  and  conditional. 

76.  Past  Definite  Tense  :  The  endings  iste,  isteis,  second  per- 
son singular  and  plural,  are  characteristic  of  verbs  in  er  and  ir  ; 
for  verbs  in  ary  they  become  aste,  asteis. 


FORMATION    OF   THE   VERB  19 

77.  Future  Tense  :  This  tense  is  formed  by  adding  to  the  full 
infinitive  form  the  endings  of  the  present  indicative  of  haber, 
which  makes  the  tense  mean  literally,  '  I  have  to  do/  so  and  so- 
'  I  shall  do  it ' ;   exactly  as  in  the  French  future. 

78.  Conditional  Tense  :  This  tense  is  formed  by  adding  the 
endings  of  the  imperfect  indicative  of  haber  to  the  full  indicative 
form,  which  makes  the  tense  literally  mean,  '  I  had  to  do  '  so  and 
so.      '  I  should  do  it'  zy  something  else  happened,  exactly  as  in 
the  French  conditional. 

Subjunctive  Mood 

79.  i .  Present  Tense  :  The  vowel  a  of  the  ending  in  the  present 
subjunctive  is  characteristic  of  all  verbs  in  cr  and  ir ;  for  verbs 
in  ar  the  characteristic  vowel  of  the  ending  is  e.     This  tense 
can,  in  almost  all  Spanish  verbs,  be  obtained  by  taking  the  first 
person  singular  present  indicative,  and  changing  the  ending  o 
to  a  or  e. 

Note  again  s,  mos,  is  and  n  as  characteristic  endings  of  the 
respective  persons  and  numbers,  as  explained  under  the  indica- 
tive mood. 

2.  All  the  remaining  tenses  of  the  subjunctive  are  formed  in 
every  verb  in  Spanish  without  exception  from  the  third  person 
plural  of  the  past  definite,  by  changing  the  ending  ron  into  ra, 
ras,  ra,  ramos,  rais,  ran,  for  the  imperfect  subjunctive,  first  form  ; 
se,  ses,  se,  semos,  sets,  sen,  for  the  imperfect  subjunctive,  second 
form ;  re,  res,  re,  remos,  rets,  ren,  for  the  future  subjunctive. 

Imperative  Mood 

80.  i.  The  second  person  singular  is  always  the  same  as  the 
third  person  singular  of  the  present  indicative,  except  in  eight 
verbs  :   haber ;  poner,  tener,  valer,  decir,  ir,  vcnir,  salir. 

2.  The  second  person  plural  is  always  obtained  directly  from 
the  infinitive  by  changing  the  final  letter  r  into  d. 

3.  The  other  persons,  as  before  stated,  are  all  present  sub- 
junctive, with  subject  placed  after. 

4.  The  pronoun  subject,  when  expressed,  always  stands  after 
the  verb. 


20  CONJUGATION  OF  HABER 

8l.  CONJUGATION  OF  THE  AUXILIARY  VERB  HABER  =  TO  HAVE 


SIMPLE 

TENSES 

INFINITIVE                           PRESENT    PARTICIPLE                   PAST    PARTICIPLE 

haber, 

to  have. 

habiendo 

,  having 

habido,  had. 

INDICATIVE   MOOD 

SUBJUNCTIVE    MOOD 

Present 

Present 

yo 

tu 
el 
V. 

he 

has 
ha 
ha 

I  have  (do  have 
am  having) 
thou  hast 
he  has 
your  honor  has 

>      y° 

tu 
el 
V. 

haya 

hayas 
haya 
haya 

that  I  have  or  may  have 

that  thou  have  or  mayst  \ 
that  he  have  or  may  have 
that  your  honor  have  or  r 

nosotros  hemos  we  have  nosotros  hayamos  that  we  have  or  may  have 

vosotros  habeis  ye  have  vosotros  hayais       that  ye  have  or  may  have 

ellos     han  they  have  ellos     hayan       that  they  have  or  may  have 

VV.     han  your  honors  have  VV.     hayan        that  your  honors  have  or  may  have 

Imperfect  Imperfect  {First  Form} 

yo      habia          I  was  having  or  used  to  yo      hubiera         that  I  should  have  or 

have  had 

tu       habias         thou  wast  having  or  used  tu       hubieras       that  thou  shouldst  have 

to  have  or  hadst 

el       habia          he  was  having  or  used  to  el       hubiera         that  he  should  have  or 

have  had 

V.      habia          your  honor  was  having  V.       hubiera        that  your  honor  should 

or  used  to  have  have  or  had 

nosotros  habiamos   we  were  having  or  used  nosotros  hubieramos  that  we  should  have  or 

to  have  had 

vosotros  habiais       ye  were  having  or  used  vosotros  hubierais     that  ye  should  have  or 

to  have  had 

ellos     habian        they  were  having  or  used  ellos     hubieran      that  they  should  have 

to  have  or  had 

VV.     habian         your  honors  were  having  VV.     hubieran       that  your  honors  should 

or  used  to  have  have  or  had 

Past  Definite  Imperfect  (Second  Form*) 

yo      hube  I  had  yo      hubiese        that   I   had  or  should 

have 
tii      hubiste      thou  hadst  tu      hubieses       that    thou     hadst     or 

shouldst  have 
el        hubo  he  had  el       hubiese         that  he  had  or  should 

have 
V.       hubo  your  honor  had  V.       hubiese         that  your  honor  had  or 

should  have 
nosotros  hubimos     we  had  nosotros  hubiesemos  that  we  had  or  should 

have 
vosotros  hubisteis    ye  had  vosotros  hubieseis     that  ye  had  or  should 

have 
ellos     hubieron    they  had  ellos     hubiesen      that  they  had  or  should 

have 

VV.     hubieron  ayour  honors  had  -  VV.     hubiesen      that    your  honors  had 

or  should  have 


REGULAR    VERBS 


21 


Future                                                                   Future 

yo      habre 
tu      habras 

I  shall  have 

thou  wilt  have                 « 

oT 

yo      hubiere 
tu      hubieres        j 

f  I    have   or    shall 
have 
thou  have  or  shalt 
have 

61       habra 

he  will  have 
1 

61      hubiere         •& 

he   have  or  shall 
have 

V.       habra        your  honor  will  have      w~ 

nosotros  habremos  we  shall  have 

1 
vosotros  habreis     ye  will  have                   0- 

13 

ellos     habran      they  will  have 

V.      hubiere         £ 

rt 

nosotros  hubieremos  ^ 

JB 

vosotros  hubiereis 

1 
ellos    hubieren 

your  honor  have 
or  shall  have 
we  have  or  shall 
have 
ye  have  or  shall 
have 
they  have  or  shall 
have 

VV.     habran 

your  honors  will  have     a 

VV.     hubieren 

your  honors  have 
or  shall  have 

Conditional 

(Consequent)                              Conditional  (Antecedent) 

yo      habria 

I  should  have 

yo      hubiera  or  hu- 
biese 

I   should   have   or 
had 

tii      habrias 

thou  wouldst  have 

tu      hubieras       or 
hubieses 

thou  shouldst  have 
or  hadst 

61      habria 

he  would  have 

61      hubiera  or  hu- 
biese 

he  should  have  or 
had 

V.      habria        your  honor  would 
have 
nosotros  habriamos  we  should  have 

V.      hubiera  or  hu- 
biese               .f 
nosotros  hubieramos  or 
hubiesemos 

your  honor  should 
have  or  had 
we  should  have  or 
had 

vosotros  habriais 

ye  would  have 

vosotros  hubierais     or 
hubieseis 

ye  should  have  or 
had 

ellos     habrian 

they  would  have 

ellos     hubieran      or 
hubiesen 

they  should  have  or 
had 

VV.    habrian 

your  honors  would 
have 

VV.     hubieran      or 
hubiesen 

your  honors  should 
have  or  had 

REGULAR   VERBS 

Terminations  of  the  Three  Conjugations 

82.  i .  The  verbs  hablar,  to  speak,  comer,  to  eat,  vivir,  to  live, 
have  been  selected  as  the  model  verbs  of  the  respective  conju- 
gations. 

2.  By  taking  away  the  infinitive  endings,  ar,  er  and  z>,  we  get 
the  stem  of  the  verb,  kabl-,  com-,  viv-. 

3.  The   different   moods,  tenses,   persons   and    numbers   are 
formed  by  adding  certain  inflectional  endings,  fixed  for  each 
conjugation,  to  the  stem  of  the  verb ;   except  in  the  future  and 
the  conditional  indicative,  where  they  are  added  directly  to  the 
full  infinitive  itself. 


22 


REGULAR    VERBS 


4.  These  fixed  inflectional  endings  for  the  three  conjugations 
are  as  follows : 


First  Conjugation     Second  Conjugation     Third  Conjugation 

Infinitive                                -ar                     -er                       -ir 

Present  Participle              -ando                   -iendo                  -iendo 

Past  Participle                  -ado                     -ido                      -ido 

'-o 

r-0 

'  -0 

-as 

-es 

-es 

Present  Indicative 

-a 
-amos 

-e 
-emos 

-e 
-imos 

-ais 

-eis 

-is 

^-an 

.  -en 

^-en 

f  -aba 

'-ia 

r-ia 

-abas 

-ias 

-ias 

Imperfect  Indicative      <j  ~aj^m 
1  -abais 

-ia 
-iamos 
-iais 

-ia 
-iamos 
-iais 

[  -aban 

-ian 

^-ian 

'  -e                      f  -i 

'-i 

-aste                    -iste 

-iste 

Past  Definite 
Indicative 

-6                         -J6 
-amos               ]  -imos 

-imos 

-asteis                  -isteis 

-isteis 

^-aron                 i^-ieron 

-ieron 

;i 

-as 

-as 

i  .^ 

Future  Indicative           {                           < 
-emos 

-a 
-emos 

-a 
-emos 

-eis 

-eis 

-eis 

t  -an                     ^  -an 

^-an 

r-fe 

-ias 

-ia 
-ias 

-ias 

-ia 
Conditional  Indicative  ± 
]  -iamos 

I  -iais 
•  L  -ian 

-ia 
-iamos 
-iais 

-ia 
-iamos 
-iais 

-e 

'  -a 

'-a 

-es 

-as 

-as 

Present  Subjunctive 

-e 
-emos 

-a 
-amos 

-a 
-amos 

-eis 

-ais 

-ais 

^-en 

^-an 

v-an 

REGULAR   VERBS 


Imperfect  Subjunctive 
First  Form 


Imperfect  Subjunctive 
Second  Form 


Future  Subjunctive 


First  Conjugation     Second  Conjugation     Third  Conjugation 

-ar                   -er                     -ir 

-ara 

'  -iera 

'  -iera 

-aras 

-ieras 

-ieras 

• 

-ara 
-dramos 

-iera 
-ieramos 

-iera 
-ieramos 

-arais 

-ierais 

-ierais 

-aran 

^  -ieran 

.  -ieran 

"  -ase 

-iese 

'  -iese 

-ases 

-ieses 

-ieses 

- 

-ase 
-asemos 

-iese 
-iesemos 

-iese 
-iesemos 

-aseis 

-ieseis 

-ieseis 

b  -asen 

-iesen 

-iesen 

'-are 

f  -iere 

'  -iere 

-ares 

-ieres 

-ieres 

< 

-are 
-aremos 

-iere 
-ieremos 

-iere 
-ieremos 

-areis 

-iereis 

-iereis 

-aren 

-ieren 

.  -ieren 

Imperative  Mood 


-a 


-ad 


-e 


-ed 


-e 


-id 


83.   From  the  above  it  will  be  apparent: 

1.  That  the  endings  in  the  second  and  third  conjugations  differ 
only  in  the  first  and  second  persons  plural  of  the  present  indica- 
tive, and  in  the  second  person  plural  of  the  imperative. 

2.  That  in  all  the  conjugations  the  inflectional  endings  of  the 
first  and  third  persons  singular  are  identical-  in  the  imperfect 
and  the  conditional  tenses  of  the  indicative  mood,  and  also  in 
all  the  tenses  of  the  subjunctive ;   hence  when  ambiguity  arises 
in  these  cases  the  pronoun  subject,  first  or  third  person,  must 
be  employed. 

3.  That  in  the  first  and  third  conjugations  the  form  of  the 
verb  in  the  first  person   plural  of  the  present  indicative  and  of 
the  past  definite  is  the  same.     The  context  must  determine  the 
tense  intended. 

4.  In  all  other  cases  of  like  spelling  the  graphic  accent  deter- 
mines the  tense. 


HABLAR 


84.    CONJUGATION    OF   THE    MODEL  VERB   HABLAR 
—  TO    SPEAK 

SIMPLE  TENSES 
INFINITIVE:  hablar,  to  speak.  PRESENT  PARTICIPLE:  hablando,  speaking. 

PAST  PARTICIPLE  :  hablado,  spoken. 

INDICATIVE   MOOD 

Present 

yo       hablo  I  speak  (do  speak,  am  speaking) 

tu       hablas  thou  speakest 

e~l        habla  he  speaks 

V.       habla  your  honor  speaks 

nosotros  hablamos  we  speak 

vosotros  hablais  ye  speak 

elios     hablan  they  speak 

VV.      hablan  your  honors  speak 

Imperfect 

yo       hablaba  I  was  speaking 

tu       hablabas  thou  wast  speaking 

el       hablaba  he  was  speaking 

V.       hablaba  your  honor  was  speaking  I  o 

nosotros  hablabamos  we  were  speaking 

vosotros  hablabais  ye  were  speaking 

ellos     hablaban  they  were  speaking 

VV.      hablaban  your  honors  were  speaking 

Past  Definite 

yo       hable  I  spoke 

tu       hablaste  thou  did'st  speak 

£1        hab!6  he  spoke 

V.       hablo  your  honor  spoke 

nosotros  hablamos  we  spoke 

vosotros  hablasteis  ye  spoke 

ellos     hablaron  they  spoke 

VV.     hablaron  your  honors  spoke 

Future 

yo     '  hablare  I  shall  speak 

tti       hablaras  thou  wilt  speak 

e"l       hablara  he  will -speak 

V.       hablara  your  honor  will  speak 

nosotros  hablaremos  we  shall  speak 

vosotros  hablareis  ye  will  speak 

ellos     hablaran  they  will  speak 

VV.      hablaran  your  honors  will  speak 


HABLAR 


Conditional  (  Consequent} 


hablaria 

hablarias 

hablaria 

hablaria 


nosotros  hablariamos 
vosotros  hablariais 
ellos     hablarian 
VV.     hablarian. 


I  should  speak 

thou  wouldst  speak 

he  would  speak 

your  honor  would  speak 

we  should  speak 

ye  would  speak 

they  would  speak 

your  honors  would  speak 


SUBJUNCTIVE  MOOD 
Present 


yo       hable 

tu       hables 

el       hable 

V.      hable 

nosotros  hablemos 

vosotros  tfableis 

ellos     hablen 

VV.     hablen 


that  I  speak 

that  thou  speak 

that  he  speak 

that  your  honor  speak 

that  we  speak 

that  ye  speak 

that  they  speak 

that  your  honors  speak 


Imperfect  (First  Form} 


yo      hablara 
tii       hablaras 
el       hablara 
V.       hablara 
nosotros  hablaramos 
vosotros  hablarais 
ellos     hablaran 
VV.     hablaran 


that  I  should  speak 

that  thou  shouldst  speak 

that  he  should  speak 

that  your  honor  should  speak 

that  we  should  speak 

that  ye  should  speak 

that  they  should  speak 

that  your  honors  should  speak 


Imperfect  {Second  Form} 


yo      hablase 
tii       hablases 
el       hablase 
V.       hablase 
nosotros  hablasemos 
vosotros  hablaseis 
ellos     hablasen 
VV.      hablasen 


that  I  spoke 

that  thou  spoke 

that  he  spoke 

that  your  honor  spoke 

that  we  spoke 

that  ye  spoke 

that  they  spoke 

that  your  honors  spoke 


Future 


- 

yo       hablare 

'I  speak 

8 

tii       hablares          £  ^ 

thou  speak 

§§ 

el       hablare           |  « 

he  speak 

V. 

V.       hablare             .^< 

your  honor  speak 

-§   CT1 

nosotros  hablaremos    ja  g 

we  speak 

(5   3 

vosotros  hablareis         £j= 

ye  speak 

u 

ellos     hablaren          .•«  * 
-    VV.      hablaren 

they  speak 
^-vour  honors  speal 

HABLAR 


Conditional  {Antecedent) 


yo        hablara 

or  hablase 

tu,       hablaras 

or  hablases 

e"l         hablara 

or  hablase 

V.       hablara 

or  hablase 

nosotros  hablaramos 

or  hahlasemos 

vosotros  hablarais 

or  hablaseis 

ellos      hablaran 

or  hablasen 

1    VV.      hablaran 

or  hablasen 

I  s'.    ild  speak 
thou  shouldst  speak 
he . hould  speak 
vi  ur  honor  should  speak 
we  should  speak 
ye  should  speak 
they  should  speak 
L  your  honors  should  speak 


I 


IMPERATIVE   MOOD 
habla  tii         speak  thou 

hablad         vosotros    speak  ye 

hable  yo 

hable  el 

hable  V. 

hablemos  nosotros 
hablen          ellos 
hablen  VV. 


let  me  speak 
let  him  speak 
speak,  your  honor 
let  us  speak 
let  them  speak 
speak,  your  honors 


NOTE.  —  Having  thus  learned  the  conjugation  of  the  model  verb  hablar,  practice 
in  making  use  of  the  inflectional  endings  should  at  once  be  entered  upon  by 
requiring  the  student  to  write  out  the  complete  conjugations  of  verbs  selected  from 
the  list  given  below.  This  prevents  his  merely  memorizing  hablar,  and  makes  him 
alert  in  using  verbs  that  he  has  never  seen  written  out. 

Throughout  the  book,  at  the  end  of  the  numerous  conjugations,  will  be  found  in 
each  practicable  case  a  group  of  verbs  that  are  to  be  conjugated  in  the  same  manner. 
These  groups  should  all  be  made  use  of  as  suggested  for  hablar. 

Whenever  verbs  are  written  out,  neither  ditto  marks  ("  ")  nor  horizontal  bars 
should  be  used  to  avoid  the  repetition  of  the  stem  of  the  verb,  since  the  whole  value 
of  the  exercise  consists  in  having  the  student  constantly  write  out  in  full  the 
expression  he  will  have  to  make  use  of  in  speaking  or  writing  the  language. 


alabar,  to  praise. 
casar,  to  marry. 
convidar,  to  invite. 
hallar,  to  find. 
levantar,  to  raise. 
matar,  to  kill. 
mirar,  to  look. 


Conjugate  in  the  same  manner: 
montar,  to  mount. 
ordenar,  to  order. 
parar,  to  stop. 
pasar,  to  pass. 
pasear,  to  walk. 
portar,  to  carry. 
preguntar,  to  ask. 


quemar,  to  burn. 
robar,  to  rob. 
saltar, to  leap. 
salvar,  to  save. 
tomar,  to  take. 
trabajar,  to  work. 
tratar,  to  treat. 


REMARK.  —  At  West  Point  it  is  the  practice  to  treat  the  verb  separately  from  the 
rest  of  the  grammar  and  to  give  out  lessons  in  it  every  day  so  as  to  cover  the  whole 
subject  twice  in  the  course  of  three  months.  In  a  section  of  ten  cadets,  seven  are 
sent  to  the  blackboard  with  grammar  papers,  while  three  recite  on  reading  and 
translation.  These  three  cadets  are  then  sent  to  the  blackboard  to  write  out  a 
complete  verb  in  Spanish  in  the  lesson  of  that  day  or  the  day  before.  Each  cadet  at 
the  board  with  a  grammar  paper  is  likewise  required  to  write  out  in  full  one  or  two 
tenses  of  the  verb  in  the  day's  lesson.  In  all  cases  the  cadets  are  required  to  read 
off  the  verb,  paying  particular  atten'ion  to  the  pronunciation.  As  this  process  takes 
place  every  day,  the  cadet  quickly  learns  that  the  verb  is  a  subject  he  never  can 
escape  from,  and  he  soon  becomes  expert  in  the  most  important  part  of  the  Spanish 
language. 


COMPOUND    TENSES  2/ 

THE   COMPOUND   TENSES 

85.    i  •  The    compound   tenses    of  all  verbs  in  Spanish    are 
formed  by  means  of  the  auxiliary  verb  Jiaber. 

2.  By  adding  the  past  participle  of   a  verb   to   any  simple 
tense  of  haber,  we  get  the  corresponding  compound  tense  of 
the  verb. 

3.  The  auxiliary  should  never,  as  a  general  rule,  be  separated 
from  the  past  participle  by  any  other  word. 

4.  The  past  participle   of   any  verb   conjugated  with   haber 
never  varies  for  gender  or  number ;   thus  coinciding  with  Eng- 
lish usage  and  being  contrary  to  French  usage. 

5.  A  compound  tense  of  the  imperative,  second  person  plural 
is  sometimes  met  with,  though  so  rarely  that  we  may  consider 
that  mood  as  not  having  one. 

6.  The  following  are   the   compound   tenses.     Their   use   is 
practically  the  same  as  in  French.     Their  corresponding  use  in 
English  is  apparent  from  the  respective  translations.     In   the 
text  they  will  be  indicated  simply  as  compound  present  indica- 
tive, compound  imperfect  indicative,  etc. 

INFINITIVE    MOOD 

Compound  Infinitive  or      Perfect  Infinitive 

Compound  Present  Participle  or      Perfect  Participle 

INDICATIVE    MOOD 

Tenses : 

Compound  Present  or  Past  Indefinite 

Compound  Imperfect  or  Pluperfect 

Compound  Past  Definite  or  Past  Anterior 

Compound  Future  or  Future  Perfect 

Compound  Conditional  or  Conditional  Past 

SUBJUNCTIVE    MOOD 

Compound  Present  or  Past  Indefinite 

Compound  Imperfect  (first  form)  or  Pluperfect  (first  form) 

Compound  Imperfect  (second  form)  or  Pluperfect  (second  form) 

Compound  Future  or  Future  Perfect 

Compound  Conditional  or  Conditional  Past 


28 


HABLAR 


86.   COMPOUND  TENSES  OF  THE  VERB  HABLAR 
=  TO  SPEAK 

COMPOUND  INFINITIVE  :  haber  hablado,  to  have  spoken. 
COMPOUND  PRESENT  PARTICIPLE  :  habiendo  hablado,  having  spoken. 


INDICATIVE  MOOD 
Compound  Present 


yo       he  hablado 

tn       has  hablado 

el       ha  hablado 

V.       ha  hablado 

nosotros  hetnos  hablado 

vosotros  habeis  hablado 

ellos     han  hablado 

VV.     han  hablado 


I  have  spoken 

thou  hast  spoken 

he  has  spoken 

your  honor  has  spoken 

we  have  spoken 

ye  have  spoken 

they  have  spoken 

your  honors  have  spoken 


Compound  Imperfect 


yo       habia  hablado 

tu       habias  hablado 

el       habia  hablado 

V.       habia  hablado 

nosotros  habiamos  hablado 

vosotros  habias  hablado 

ellos     habian  hablado 

VV.     habian  hablado 


I  had  spoken 

thou  hadst  spoken 

he  had  spoken 

your  honor  had  spoken 

we  had  spoken 

ye  had  spoken 

they  had  spoken 

your  honors  had  spoken 


Compound  Past  Definite  (when) 


yo      hube  hablado 
tu       hubiste  hablado 
el       hubo  hablado 
V.       hubo  hablado 
nosotros  hubimos  hablado 
vosotros  hubisteis  hablado 
ellos     hubieron  hablado 
VV.     hubieron  hablado 


I  had  spoken 

thou  hadst  spoken 

he  had  spoken 

your  honor  had  spoken 

we  had  spoken 

ye  had  spoken 

they  had  spoken 

your  honors  had  spoken 


Compound  Future 


yo       habre  hablado 

tu       habras  hablado 

.  1        habra  hablado 

V.       habra  hablado 

nosotros  habremos  hablado 

vosotros  habreis  hablado 

ellos     habran  hablado 

VV.     habran  hablado 


I  shall  have  spoken 

thou  wilt  have  spoken 

he  will  have  spoken 

your  honor  will  have  spoken 

we  shall  have  spoken 

ye  will  have  spoken 

they  will  have  spoken 

your  honors  will  have  spoken 


Compound  Conditional  {Consequent) 


yo      habria  hablado 

tu       habrias  hablado 

el       habria  hablado 

V.      habria  hablado 

nosotros  habriamos  hablado 

vosotros  habrias  hablado 

ellos     habrian  hablado 

VV.     habrian  hablado 


I  should  have  spoken 

thou  wouldst  have  spoken 

he  would  have  spoken 

your  honor  would  have  spoken 

we  should  have  spoken 

ye  would  have  spoken 

they  would  have  spoken 

your  honors  would  have  spoken 


I  *  E 

UNlVtKSITY 

~SJ*£. 

HABLAR 


SUBJUNCTIVE  MOOD 
Compound  Present 


yo       haya  hablado 

tu       hayas  hablado 

el       haya  hablado 

V.       haya  hablado 

nosotros  hayamos  hablado 

vosotros  hayais  hablado 

ellos     hayan  hablado 

VV.     hayan  hablado 


that  I  have  spoken 

that  thou  have  spoken 

that  he  have  spoken 

that  your  honor  have  spoken 

that  we  have  spoken 

that  ye  have  spoken 

that  they  have  spoken 

that  your  honors  have  spoken 


„  >>d~ 

§3 


Compound  Imperfect  {First  Fornt) 


yo       hubiera  hablado 

tu       hubieras  hablado 

el       hubiera  hablado 

V.       hubiera  hablado 

nosotros  hubieramos  hablado 

vosotros  hubierais  hablado 

ellos     hubieran  hablado 

VV.     hubieran  hablado 


that  I  should  have  spoken 

that  thou  shouldst  have  spoken 

that  he  should  have  spoken 

that  your  honor  should  have  spoken 

that  we  should  have  spoken 

that  ye  should  have  spoken 

that  they  should  have  spoken 

that  your  honors  should  have  spoken 


1" 
fe 


Compound  Imperfect  {Second  Forni) 


yo       hubiese  hablado 

tii       hubieses  hablado 

el       hubiese  hablado 

V.       hubiese  hablado 

nosotros  hubiesemos  hablado 

vosotros  hubieseis  hablado 

ellos     hubiesen  hablado 

VV.      hubiesen  hablado 


that  I  had  spoken 

that  thou  hadst  spoken 

that  he  had  spoken 

that  your  honor  had  spoken 

that  we  had  spoken 

that  ye  had  spoken 

that  they  had  spoken 

that  your  honors  had  spoken 


Compound  Future 


hubiere  hablado 
hubieres  hablado 
hubiere  hablado 
hubiere  hablado 


~  I, 


nosotros  hubieremos  hablado  | 

vosotros  hubiereis  hablado  1=; 

ellos     hubieren  hablado  _- 
VV.     hubieren  hablado 


r  I  have  spoken 

thou  have  spoken 

he  have  spoken 

your  honor  have  spoken 

we  have  spoken 

ye  have  spoken 

they  have  spoken 
.  your  honors  have  spoken 


Compound  Conditional  {Antecedent} 


yo       hubiera 
tu       hubieras 
d       hubiera 
V.      hubiera 
nosotros  hubieramos 
vosotros  hubierais 
ellos     hubieran 
1     VV.      hubieran 

or 
or 
or 

or 
or 
or 
or 

or 

hubiese 
hubieses 
hubiese 
hubiese 
hubiesemos 
hubieseis 
hubiesen 
hubiesen        J 

hablado 

I  should  have  spoken 

thou  shouldst  have  spoken 

he  should  have  spoken 
jf  J   your  honor  should  have  spoken 
I   we  should  have  spoken 
I   ye  should  have  spoken 

they  should  have  spoken 
I  your  honors  should  have  spoken     > 


1" 
k 


30  INTERROGATIVE    CONJUGATION 

THE   INTERROGATIVE   CONJUGATION 

87.    i.  The    Spanish   verb    is    conjugated  interrogatively   in 
the  indicative  mood  only. 

2.  To  conjugate  the  verb  interrogatively  the  subject  is  placed 
after  the  verb,  and  in  compound  tenses  after  the  past  participle. 
An   inverted  question-mark  stands  at  the  beginning,   a  direct 
question-mark  at  the  end  of  the  interrogation. 

3.  Sometimes  in  a  declarative  sentence  the  subject  stands  after 
the  verb ;   but  there  are  then  no  question-marks,  and  in  conver- 
sation the  tone  of  voice  indicates  the  kind  of  sentence. 

4.  In  interrogative  sentences  it  is  customary  to  use  the  pro- 
noun subjects,  though  they  may  be  omitted ;  when  omitted,  the 
interrogation-mark  is  sufficient. 

/ 
88.   INTERROGATIVE    CONJUGATION    OF   THE   VERB 

HABLAR  =  TO   SPEAK 

SIMPLE   TENSES 

Indicative  Mood 

PRESENT 

^hablo  yo?  do  I  speak?   (am  I  speaking?) 

^hablas  tu  ?  dost  thou  speak  ?" 

^ihabla  61?  does  he  speak? 

^hablaV.?  does  your  honor  speak? 

^hablamos  nosotros?  do  we  speak? 

^hablais  vosotros  ?  do  ye  speak  ? 

ellos?  do  they  speak? 

VV.  ?  do  your  honors  speak  ? 

IMPERFECT 

yo  ?  was  I  speaking  ?  or  did  I  use  to  speak  ? 

^hablabas  tu  ?  wast  thou  speaking  ?  or  didst  thou  use  to  speak  ? 

^hablaba  el?  was  he  speaking?  or  did  he  use  to  speak? 

^hablaba  V. ?  was  your  honor  speaking?  or  did  he  use  to 

speak  ? 

^hablabamos  nosotros?  were  we  speaking?  or  did  we  use  to  speak? 
^hablabais  vosotros?  were  ye  speaking?  or  did  ye  use  to  speak? 
^hablaban  ellos  ?  were  they  speaking?  or  did  they  use  to  speak? 

VV.  ?  were    your    honors    speaking  ?  or    did    your 

honors  use  to  speak  ? 

PAST    DEFINITE 

<ihable  yo  ?  did  I  speak  ? 

^hablaste  tu  ?  didst  thou  speak  ? 

el?  did  he  speak? 


NEGATIVE   CONJUGATION  31 

.?  did  your  honor  speak? 

^hablamos  nosotros  did  we  speak? 

^hablasteis  vosotros  did  ye  speak? 

^hablaron  ellos?  did  they  speak? 

^hablaron  VV.?  did  your  honors  speak? 

FUTURE 

^hablare  yo?  shall  I  speak? 

^hablaras  tu?  wilt  thou  speak? 

^hablara  el?  will  he  speak? 

^hablara  V.?  will  your  honor  speak? 

^hablaremos  nosotros?  shall  we  speak? 

^hablareis  vosotros?  will  ye  speak? 

^hablaran  ellos?  will  they  speak? 

^hablaran  VV.?  will  your  honors  speak? 

CONDITIONAL    (CONSEQUENT) 

^hablaria  yo?  should  I  speak? 

^hablarias  tu  ?  wouldst  thou  speak  ? 

^hablaria  el  ?  would  he  speak  ? 

jjhablaria  V.?  would  your  honor  speak? 

^hablariamos  nosotros?  should  we  speak? 

jjhablariais  vosotros?  would  ye  speak? 

^hablarian  ellos?  would  they  speak? 

^hablarian  VV.  ?  would  your  honors  speak? 

COMPOUND  TENSES 

COMP.  PRES.         ^he  hablado  yo?  etc.         have  I  spoken?  etc. 
COMP.  IMP.  ^habia  hablado  yo?  etc.   had  I  spoken?  etc. 

COMP.  PAST  DEF.  ^hube  hablado  yo?  etc.     (when)  had  I  spoken?  etc. 
COMP.  FUT.  ^habre  hablado  yo  ?  etc.  shall  I  have  spoken  ?  etc. 

COMP.  COND.        jjhabria  hablado  yo?  etc.  should  I  have  spoken?  etc. 

THE   NEGATIVE   CONJUGATION 

89.    i.  The  Spanish  verb  is  conjugated  negatively  in  all  the 
moods  and  tenses. 

2.  To  conjugate  the  verb  negatively,  the  adverb  of  negation, 
no  =  not,  is  placed  immediately  before  the  verb  in  both  simple 
and  compound  tenses. 

3.  In  the  negative  of  the  imperative,  second  persons  singular 
and  plural,  instead  of  prefixing  no  to  the  affirmative  forms,  the 
no  is  prefixed  to  the  second  persons  singular  and  plural  of  the 
present  subjunctive. 


32  NEGATIVE    CONJUGATION    OF   HABLAR 

J'D}3  '3JB3dS  '3J3  'jJE3dS 

jou  XEUI  ^.0  -}ou  35{ods  j.o  jou  pmoijs  ^o 

I  *     •a 

e  £.1 

I         i    J   JiJiffJ       i    ! 

I  i§ 

o      z* 

H         S  S 


S 
I 


W 

J>  to 
w 

W  g 

ffi  w 

E"1  ^     *                                                                                                                                    'o;a  'anbunE  'SEJ; 
y      o                                                                                                                             -uaiui  'opuEno  'is 

TT  .  i         C 

°  i  s 

^  3   Si 

o  H 

t-i  f^               'SuiijEads  jou  UIE           asn  jou  pip  uo 

$  Z       ^ 

£>  g                                                                             w, 

o  i          111             i     1        1     1 

u  g        -  5      *    Jfr^llli      «•  *.     f         - 

«  §        l^=     3§      lii1!!!!        ^l^^1g      "LH-911 

>  .o    ^"^ss^s-i     Izlils."?  tt-a-lsriSi     s^s^^sl^ 

I 

w  i  g  4; ^rs  => l|  | sj| §   p|  ^  l|'|  ||H|  <«, |j| ||| ?| 

^— i  ^        ^                  HH^j^^>^>>^^_,>,          ~H-<>JfJI;>^?>^^-^>^        ->•>     HH    *j  ^5     >>   ?     >^^j     >»                    HH  ^2  ^      >-,   ^      >->"^     >» 

d  1  §                                          S                                                   s 

°^  1"                     ®                  aSeBcsl'Ssa            «        °'|cc            »        E.2ec 

W  rii^iiii 


cccecee    ccccccce    ceccecee 


NEGATIVE    CONJUGATION   OF   HABLAR 


33 


ate. 
pec 

to  tran 


resentar,  to  rep 
arar,  to  separat 
pchar,  to 
to  draw. 
porter, 


re 
se 
so 
tir 
tran 


p 
p 
s 
ira 
ra 


to  n 
eigl 

to  p 
to  • 
depi 


<««•. 

to  -u  e  *r 
ShSs* 

lili± 

e  u  u  u  u 
=  ucxaa 


L**i 

2'|;50« 

Jo-  oS 


III 


ll 


34 


NEGATIVE-INTERROGATIVE    CONJUGATION 


THE   NEGATIVE-INTERROGATIVE   CONJUGATION 

91.  I.  The  Spanish  verb  is  conjugated  negatively-interrog- 
atively  in  the  indicative  mood  only. 

2.  This  conjugation  is  a  direct  combination  of  the  interroga- 
tive and  the  negative  conjugations.  That  is,  the  pronoun  sub- 
ject stands  after  the  verb  in  both  the  simple  and  the  compound 
tenses ;  the  adverb  no  precedes  the  verb,  and  the  inverted  and 
direct  question-marks  stand  respectively  at  the  beginning  and 
the  end  of  the  expression. 

In  other  words,  make  the  verb  interrogative  and  then  put  no 
before  it. 

92.   NEGATIVE-INTERROGATIVE    CONJUGATION    OF   THE 
VERB    HABLAR  =  TO    SPEAK 

SIMPLE  TENSES 

Indicative  Mood 


£  no  hablo  yo  ? 

<mo  hablas  tu? 

£  no  habla  el  ? 

<;  no  habla  V.  ? 

<ino  hablamos  nosotros? 

<j  no  hablais  vosotros  ? 

<nio  hablan  ellos? 

,1  no  hablan  VV.  ? 

<;  no  hablaba  yo  ? 
,;  no  hablaba s  tu  ? 
<: no  hablaba  el? 
,;  no  hablaba  V.  ? 
<ino  hablabamos  nosotros? 
^  no  hablabais  vosotros  ? 
<jno  hablaban  ellos? 
hablaban  VV.? 


PRESENT 

do  I  not  speak?   (am  I  not  speaking?) 

dost  thou  not  speak? 

does  he  not  speak? 

does  your  honor  not  speak? 

do  we  not  speak? 

do  ye  not  speak? 

do  they  not  speak? 

do  your  honors  not  speak? 

IMPERFECT 

was  I  not  speaking  ?  or  did  I  not  use  to 

speak  ? 
wast  thou  not  speaking?  or  didst  thou 

not  use  to  speak  ? 
was  he  not  speaking  ?  or  did  he  not  use 

to  speak? 
was  your  honor  not  speaking  ?  or  did  your 

honor  not  use  to  speak? 
were  we  not  speaking?  or  did  we  not  use 

to  speak? 
were  ye  not  speaking  ?  or  did  ye  not  use 

to  speak? 
were  they  not  speaking?  or  did  they  not 

use  to  speak? 
were  your  honors  not  speaking?  or  did 

your  honors  not  use  to  speak? 


NEGATIVE-INTERROGATIVE    CONJUGATION  35 

PAST    DEFINITE 

<ino  hable*  yo?  did  I  not  speak? 

<jno  hablaste  tu?  didst  thou  not  speak? 

,jno  hablo  el?  did  he  not  speak? 

,1110  hablo  V.?  did  your  honor  not  speak? 

<;no  hablamos  nosotros?  did  we  not  speak? 

<;no  hablasteis  vosotros?  did  ye  not  speak? 

<j  no  hablaron  ellos  ?  did  they  not  speak  ? 

<jno  hablaron  VV.?  did  your  honors  not  speak? 

FUTURE 

<ino  hablare  yo?  shall  I  not  speak? 

<j  no  hablaras  tu  ?  wilt  thou  not  speak  ? 

(i no  hablara  el?  will  he  not  speak? 

<i  no  hablara  V.  ?  will  your  honor  not  speak  ? 

£no  hablaremos  nosotros?  shall  we  not  speak? 

<?no  hablare*is  vosotros?  will  ye  not  speak? 

<ino  hablaran  ellos?  will  they  not  speak? 

<ino  hablaran  VV. ?  will  your  honors  not  speak? 

CONDITIONAL    (CONSEQUENT) 

<jno  hablaria  yo?  should  I  not  speak? 

<i  no  hablarias  tu  ?  wouldst  thou  not  speak  ? 

<mo  hablaria  61?  would  he  not  speak? 

<ino  hablaria  V.?  would  your  honor  not  speak? 

,jno  hablariamos  nosotros?  should  we  not  speak? 

^no  hablariais  vosotros?  would  ye  not  speak? 

<j  no  hablarian  ellos  ?  would  they  not  speak  ? 

^  no  hablarian  VV.  ?  would  your  honors  not  speak  ? 

COMPOUND  TENSES 

COMP.  PRES.          ,1  no  he  hablado  yo  ?  etc.        have  I  not  spoken  ?  etc. 
COMP.  IMP.  <ino  habia  hablado  yo?  etc.  had  I  not  spoken?  etc. 

COMP.  PAST  DEF.  <i  no  hube  hablado  yo  ?  etc.    (when)  had  I  not  spoken  ? 

etc. 
COMP.  PUT.  £  no  habre  hablado  yo  ?  etc.  shall  I  not  have  spoken  ? 

etc. 

COMP.  COND.        <:  no  habria  hablado  yo  ?  etc.  should  I  not  have  spo- 
ken? etc. 

NOTE.  —  The  remark  in  footnote  on  p.  26  applies  here  and  in  all  succeeding  verbs. 
Occasionally  the  negative -interrogative  conjugation  should  be  required. 
Conjugate  in  the  negative-interrogative : 

disputar,  to  dispute.  manar,  to  handle.  plantar,  to  plant, 

habitar,  to  inhabit.  mudar,  to  change.  vigilar,  to  watch  over, 

librar,  to  free.  perfumar,  to  perfume,          votar,  to  vote. 


36 


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habia  vivido,  t 
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4<D  ORTHOGRAPHIC    CHANGES 

ORTHOGRAPHIC   CHANGES 

95.  Irregular  verbs  have  been  defined  to  be  those  which  devi- 
ate more  or  less  from  the  model  verbs ;    hence  any  deviation 
whatsoever  in  the  form  of  a  verb  would  make  it  come  under  this 
head. 

96.  i.   Outside  of  the  Irregular  verbs,  it  is  a  rule  in  Spanish 
that  the  stem  of  the  verb  tliroiigJwut  maintains  the  sound  of  the 
stem  in  the  infinitive.     Looking  back,  the  student  will  see  this 
perfectly  illustrated  in  the  model  verbs,  where  the  stems  of  the 
infinitives,  habl-,  com-,  viv-,  are  constant,  in  spelling  as  well  as 
in  sound. 

2.  But  a  great  number  of  verbs  in  Spanish  have  certain  con- 
sonants before  the  endings  ar,  er  or  z>,  that  necessitate  a  change 
of  spelling  to  preserve  the  sound  of  the  infinitive  stem  before  cer- 
tain other  vowel  endings  ;  and  again,  some  verbs  require  a  slight 
change  in  spelling  or  accentuation  to  make  them  accord  with  the 
laws  of  Spanish  orthography :  all  such  verbs  are  said  to  undergo 
orthographic  changes  and  are  not  considered  irregular. 

97.  These  orthographic  changes  are  of  regular  application  in 
all  verbs  ending  as  indicated  below,  excejrt\n.  fourteen.      Many 
verbs  ending  in  iar,  uar,   are  not  pronounced   with  the  tonic 
accent  on  the  weak  vowel  in  tenses  indicated.     For  instance  in 
estudiar,  the  Spaniard  says  estudio,  I  study ;  not  estudio.    This, 
therefore,  is  not  a  mechanical  rule  as  are  the  other  thirteen. 

98.  The    following    is    a  tabulated   list   of  the  orthographic 
changes,  each  of  which  will  be  found  illustrated  in  full  on  the 
page  indicated : 

i.  Verbs  ending  in  car  change  c  into  qu 


when  followed  by  e  (Sacar,  p.  42) 

2.  Verbs  ending  in  gar  add  U  after  g  when 

followed  by  e  (Pagar,  p.  44) 

3.  Verbs  ending  in  guar  take  a  diaeresis 

over  the  U  (ii)  when  followed  by  e 
(Averiguar,  p.  46) 

4.  Verbs  ending  in  zar  change  z  into  C 

when  followed  by  e  (Lanzar,  p.  48) 


vz.  n 


Past  Definite,  r*t 
pers.  singular. 

Pres.  Subjunctive 
throughout. 

Imperat.  derived 
from  Present 
Subjunctive. 


ORTHOGRAPHIC    CHANGES 


5.  Verbs  ending  in  cer  preceded  by  a  con- 

sonant change  C  into  z  when  followed 
by  o  or  a  (Veneer,  p.  50) 

6.  Verbs  ending  in  cir  preceded  by  a  con- 

sonant change  c  into  z  when  followed 
by  o  or  a  (Esparcir,  p.  52) 

7.  Verbs  ending  in  ger  change  g  into  j 

when  followed  by  0  or  a  (Coger,  p. 

54)  viz.  in  < 

8.  Verbs  ending  in  gir  change  g  into  j 

when  followed  by  o  or  a  (Dirigir,  p. 
56) 

9o  One  verb  ending  in  quir  changes  qu 
into  C  when  followed  by  0  or  a 
(Delinquir,  p.  58)  , 

10.  Verbs  ending  in  guir  drop  U  when  fol- 

lowed by  0  or  a  (Distinguir,  p.  60)   j 

1 1 .  Verbs  ending  in  llir  drop  i  of  termina- 

tion when  followed  by  6  or  e  (Mullir, 
p.  62) 

1 2.  Verbs  ending  in  Sir  drop  i  of  termina- 

tion when  followed  by  6  or  e  (Brunir, 
p.  64) 

REMARK  :  The  verb  Taner  drops  i  of  the 
termination  when  followed  by  6  or  e 
(Taner  p.  66).  i  vlz.  m 

The  verbs  Henchir  and  Reenchir  do  not 
uniformly  drop  i  of  termination  before  6 
or  e. 

13.  Verbs  ending  in  eer,  uir,  change  the 

i  of  the  diphthongal  endings  ie  and 
16  into  y,  since  Spanish  orthog- 
raphy does  not  permit  unaccented  i 
to  stand  between  two  vowels  (Creer, 
p.  68) 


14.  Verbs  ending  in  iar,  uar,  require  a  ^ 
written    accent    over    these    weak   ! 
vowels  (i,  u)  whenever  they  receive    '  vlz>  m 
the  tonic  accent  (Continual,  p.  70) 


Pres.  Indicative, 
i  st  pers.  sing. 

Pres.  Subjunctive 
throughout. 

Imperat.  derived 
from  Present 
Subjunctive. 


Pres.  Participle. 
Past  Definite,  3d 

pers.  sing,  and 

plural. 
Imperfect    Subj. 

(first       form) 

throughout. 
Imperfect     Subj. 

(second  form) 

throughout. 
Fut.    Subjunctive 

throughout. 
Conditional  Subj. 

throughout. 


Pres.  Ind.,  ist, 
2d,  3d  sing., 
3d  plural. 

Pres.  Subj.,  ist 
2d,  3d  sing., 
3d  plural. 

Impera.  2.d  pers. 
sing,  and  forms 
derived  from 
Pres.  Subj.,  ex- 
cept ist  pers. 
plural. 


42  SACAR 


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ESTAR    COMIENDO 


75 


•§UIJE3  3J3AV  UO 


I 


I  should  be  eating 
thou  shouldst  be  eating 
he  should  be  eating 
ur  honor  should  be  eating 
should  be  eating 
should  be  eating 
y  should  be  eating 
ur  ho  hould  be 


jftfififl!  i  siii 

o         -  -      S 


PRONOMINAL   VERBS 


PRONOMINAL   VERBS 

116.  Pronominal  verbs  are  those  which  have  an  objective 
pronoun  that  represents  the  same  person  or  thing  as  the  subject 
of    the   verb ;    this    objective   pronoun   may    be    direct    object 
(accusative)  or  indirect  object  (dative). 

Pronominal  verbs  are  subdivided  into  two  classes :    reflexive 
verbs  and  reciprocal  verbs. 

117.  Reflexive  verbs  are   those  in   which  the   action    takes 
place  upon   the  subject,  either  as  direct  or  as  indirect  object ; 
hence   any  transitive  verb   may  assume  the  reflexive  form.     If 
the  person  is  naturally  the  direct^object,  the  object  pronoun  is 
in  the  accusative  case ;    if   the  person   is  naturally  the  indirect 
object,  the   object  pronoun    is   in   the   dative  case.     But    both 
these  reflexive  object  pronoun  forms  are  identical  in  the  dative 
and  the  accusative,  as  will  be  seen  from  the  following: 


I  myself  (or  to  myself) 

Thou  thyself  (or  to  thyself) . 

He,  her,  your  honor  himself  or  herself 

(or  to  himself  or  herself). 
We  ourselves  (or  to  ourselves) . 
Ye  yourselves  (or  to  yourselves) . 
They,    your    honors    themselves    (or    to 

themselves) . 

118.  Reciprocal  verbs   are  those   in  which  the  action  takes 
place  between  two  or  among  a  number  of  persons ;    hence  the 
verb  is  always  in  the  plural,  and  the  object  pronouns  (identical 
in  form   with  the  plural  reflexive   objective  pronouns,  nos,   os, 
se)  are  to  be  translated  each  other  if  the  action  be  of  one  per- 
son   on    another,   and  one  another  if   more  than  two  are   con- 
cerned. 

Position  of  the   Object  Pronouns 

119.  The   position   of  the  object  pronouns  is   the  same  as 
that  of  ordinary  object  pronouns. 


Nominative 

Accusative 
and  Dative 

yo 

me 

tu 

te 

el,  eOa,  V. 

se 

nosotros  -as 

nos 

vosotros  -as 

OS 

ellos,  ellas,  VV. 

se 

PRONOMINAL   VERBS 


77 


120.  In    the    infinitive,  present    participle,    and    imperative 
affirmative,  the  object  pronouns  stand   after  the  verb,  and  aie 
joined  to  it  so  as  to  form  one  word,  the  graphic  accent  being 
used  when  necessary  to  maintain  the  original  pronunciation  of 
the  verb.     Example  :  Comer ~lo,   comiendolo,  comalo  V. ;  lavarse 
lavdndose,  Idvese  V. 

When  the  object  pronouns  are  thus  placed  after  the  verb,  d 
in  the  second  person  plural  of  the  imperative  affirmative  is 
elided  for  euphony  (except  in  the  verb  irt  which  makes  idos, 
go  away),  as  is  also  the  s  in  the  first  person  plural  im- 
perative affirmative ;  thus  lavados  becomes  lavaos,  wash 
yourselves,  and  lavamosnos  becomes  lavdmonos,  let  us  wash 
ourselves. 

To  Distinguish  between  Reflexive  and  Reciprocal  Use 

121.  In  the  three  persons  plural,  to  show  that  a  verb  is  used 
reflexively  and  not  reciprocally ;    and  in  the  three  persons  sin- 
gular, to  indicate   emphasis  or  contrast,   the  pleonastic  prepo- 
sitional form  of  the  object  pronoun  preceded  by  d  is  added  to 
the  verb,  and  may  be  strengthened  by  using  mismo  or  propio, 
equivalent  to   the   English  own,  or  very ;  so  that  the  full  dis- 
tinctive  reflexive  or  emphatic  construction  would  be   (observe 
the  order  with  reference  to  the  verb  in  sentence)  : 


Accusative 

Nominative      and  Dative  Verb 

yo     me  " 

ti'i     te  " 


el,  ella,  V.  se 

nosotros  -as  nos 

vosotros  -as  os 

ellos,  cllas,  VV.  se 


Prepositional  form  with  a  strength- 
ened by  mismo  -a,  propio  -a 

d  mi  mismo  -a   (propio  -#),  my 

own  self  or  to   my  own  self. 
d  ti    mismo  -a    (propio   -a},  thy 

own  self  or  to  thy  own  self. 
d  si  mismo  -a  (propio-  d). 
d   nosotros  mismos    -as    (propios 

-as), 
d    vosotros    mismos    -as    (propios 

-as], 
d  si  mismos  -as    (propios  -as} . 


78  PRONOMINAL   VERBS 

Yo  me  lavo  d  ml  mismo,  I  wash  my  own  self. 

Ellas  se  lavan  d  si  mismas,  they  wash  their  very  selves. 

This  pleonastic  construction,  be  it  understood,  may  also  be 
used  without  mismo  -a,  propio  -a.  In  this  case  the  equivalent 
English  emphasis  would  be, 

Yo  me  lavo  d  mi,  I  wash  myself. 

122.  In  the  three  persons    plural,  to  show   that  the  verb  is 
used  reciprocally  and   not  reflexively,    the   appropriate   forms, 
uno  .  .  .  otro,  una  .  .  .  otra,    unos  .  .  .  otros,    unas  .  .  .  otras,    or 
el  uno  .  .  .  el  otro,   la   una  .  .  .  la   otra,   los  unos  .  .  .  los    otros, 
las  unas  .  .  .  las  otras,  meaning  each   other,  one  another,  must 
be  employed. 

Ellas  se  lavan  d  si  mismas,  they  wash  themselves ;  but 
Ellas  se  lavan  las  unas  d  las  otras,  they  wash  one  another. 

123.  Besides  the  class  of  verbs  temporarily  used  as  reflexive 
verbs,  there  is  a  large  class  of  permanent  or  essential  reflexive 
verbs  —  verbs  that  have  the  reflexive  form  only. 

To  make  the  student  familiar  with  this  important  subject,  we 
shall  give : 

1.  The  conjugation  of  a  temporary  reflexive  verb,  with  the 
pronoun  object  in  the  accusative  case  (lav  arse). 

2.  The  conjugation  of  a  temporary  reflexive  verb,  with  the 
pronoun  object  in  the  dative  case  {permitirse). 

3.  The    conjugation    of    a    permanent    reflexive    verb    (ale- 
grarse). 

4.  The   conjugation    of   the    impersonal    substitute    for   the 
personal  forms  of  a  permanent  reflexive  verb  (alegrarse). 

5.  The  conjugation  of  a  reciprocal  verb  (abrazarse). 

124.  Before  proceeding  with  these  conjugations,  attention  is 
invited   to   the   following  table  of  personal  pronouns  and   their 
inflections ;   to  the  favorite  pleonastic  construction ;    and  to  the 
important  rules  for  the  position  of  two  objective  pronouns — all 
of  great  importance  in  the  proper  use  of  reflexive  verbs. 


PERSONAL    PRONOUNS 


79 


PERSONAL   PRONOUNS   AND   THEIR   INFLECTIONS 

Pleonastic  construction :  i st,  dative  and  prepositional  (with  a) :  le 
habla  a  el,  he  speaks  to  him ;  2d,  accusative  and  prepositional  (with 
a)  :  la  busca  a  ella,  he  seeks  her. 


Nominative 

Dative 

Accusative 

Prepositional 

ist  Person 

yo 

me 

me 

mf,  (conmigo) 

ad  Person 

tu 

te 

te 

tf  (contigo) 

(  Masculine 
3d  Person   I  Feminine 

G 

ella 

le 
le 

le  (him),  lo  (it) 
la  (her,  it) 

el 
ella 

(  Neuter 

ello 

[none] 

lo  (it) 

ello 

1St  Person  j^sculine 

nosotros 
nosotras 

nos 
nos 

nos 
nos 

nosotros 
nosotras 

2d  Person  j  J^Jj"^6 

vosotros 

OS 

OS 

vosotros 

vosotras 

OS 

OS 

vosotras 

3d  Person   {  ^  9J  )™e 

ellos 
ellas 

les 
les 

los 
las 

ellos 
ellas 

Singular 


Plural 


Se,  reflexive  substitute  for  3d 
person  common  to  both  numbers. 
Corresponds  to  English  seffin  3d    > 
person,   to  distinguish    reflexive    f 
action.      He    strikes    him  =  an     | 
other,  but  he  strikes  himself. 

Usted  should  be  treated  like 
a  noun,  invariable  except  for 
number,  plural  ustedes,  hence  : 

Pleonastic  construction  for  V. 


[none] 


(V. 
(VV. 


a  V. 
aVV. 

le  .  .  a  V. 
les  .  .  a  VV. 


a  V. 
a  VV. 

le,  la  .  .  A  V. 
los,  las .  .  a  VV. 


sf  (consigo) 


a  con,  etc.,  V. 
a,  con,  etc.,  VV. 


NOTE.  —  Concerning  the  use  of  le,  lo,  la,  les,  los  las,  the  following  is  the  prevailing  usage, 
as  indicated  in  the  foregoing  table,  although  it  is  well  to  remember  there  are  others :  le  (dative)  =  to 
him,  to  her;  les  (dative)  =  to  them  (masculine  and  feminine).  In  the  accusative,  le  =  him  (only),  e.  g., 
le  veo,  I  see  him  (only) :  la  =  her  (or  '  it,'  feminine),  e.  g.,  I  see  her,  la  veo  ;  I  see  it  (pen) ,  la  veo  ; 
lo  =  it  (masculine  or  neuter),  e.  g.,  I  see  it  (book),  lo  veo  ;  I  believe  it,  lo  creo  ;  las  =  them  (persons 
or  things,  feminine),  e.  g.,  I  see  them  (women  or  pens),  las  veo. 

RULES    FOR  THE   POSITION    OF   TWO    OBJECTIVE   PRONOUNS 

125.  A  verb  may  have  two  pronouns  as  objects,   one  direct 
(accusative),   the   other   indirect    (dative).      When   the  direct 
object  is  a  pronoun   of  the  third  person,  they  appear   together 
before  the  verb  (except  in  the  infinitive,  present  participle,  and 
imperative  affirmative,  when  they  are  added  to  and  form   one 
with  the  verb,  which  must  have  a  written  accent  when  necessary 
to  preserve  original  tonic   accent).      The  dative  precedes  the 
accusative ;   except  that  se  always  stands  first,  whatever  be  its 
case  :   el  me  lo  da  ;  ddmelo  ;  se  me  escapo  ;  deselo  V. 

126.  When  the  direct  object  is  a  pronoun  of  the  first  or 
second  person,  or  is  a  reflexive  pronoun,  the  accusative   stands 
before  the  verb  and  the  dative  follows  the  verb  and  assumes  the 
prepositional  form   (except  in  the  infinitive,  present  participle 
and  imperative  affirmative,  when  they  are  added  to  the  verb, 
the  accusative  preceding  the  dative :  rendeteme  tfi ;  rendikndo- 
tcmc ;  renderteme)\  te  enviardn  a  mi;  me  enviaran  a  ft;  me 
Jian  dirigido  a  cl ;    se  dirije  a  mi. 

127.  If  both  pronouns  are  of  the  third  person,  the  dative  le, 
les,  is  written  se  for   euphony ;    this  se  must   not  be  confused 
with  the  reflexive  se  :  le  lo  =  se  lo  ;  le  la  =  se  la  ;   le  los  =  se 
los;  le   las  =  se  las;  les  lo  =  se  lo,  etc.      No  se  lo  permiten, 
they  do  not  permit  him  (it  to  him). 


80 


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81 


self 
thyself 
self 
wash  him 
rselves 
urselves 
hemselve 
wash  th 


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mirarse,  to  see  on 
quemarse,  to  burn 


II 

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82 


NEGATIVE   AND    INTERROGATIVE    CONJUGATIONS 


NEGATIVE   AND   INTERROGATIVE   CONJUGATIONS 

(These  are  the  same  as  those  of  any  verb  having  objective  pronouns.) 

129.  The  negative  conjugation  of  a  reflexive  or  a  reciprocal 
verb  is  formed  by  inserting  the  adverb  no,  not,  before  the  object 
pronouns  in  both  the  simple  and  the  compound  tenses.     In  the 
imperative  negative  the  object  pronouns  stand  before  the  verb. 

130.  The   interrogative  and  the  negative-interrogative  con- 
jugations occur  only  in  the  tenses  of  the  indicative  mood. 

131.  The  interrogative  conjugation  is  formed  by  placing  the 
subject  after  the   verb  in  simple  tenses,  and   after  the  past  par- 
ticiple    in   compound   tenses ;     an    inverted    question-mark    is 
placed  at  the  beginning  and  a  direct  question-mark  at  the  end 
of  the  expression. 

132.  The  negative-interrogative  conjugation  is  the  same  as 
the  interrogative,  except  that  no  precedes  the  object  pronoun  in 
both  simple  and   compound  tenses.     The  following  will  illus- 
trate fully : 

SIMPLE    TENSES 


NEGATIVE    CONJUGATION 
Present  Indicative 

(yo)       no  me  lavo 
(///)       no  te  lavas 
(el)       no  se  lava 
V.        no  se  lava 
(nosotros)  no  nos  lavamos 
(yosotros)  no  OS  lavais 
(ellos)     no  se  lavan 
VV.      no  se  lavan 
I  do  not  wash  myself,  etc. 


INTERROGATIVE    CONJUGATION 
Present  Indicative 

i  me  lavo  (yo)  ? 

<»  te  lavas  (tu)  ? 

<j  se  lava  (el)  ? 

<;  se  lava  V.  / 

<;  nos  lavamos  (nosotros)  ? 

<;  os  lavais  (vosotros}  ? 

<;  se  lavan  (ellos)  ? 

I  se  lavan  VV.  ? 

Do  I  wash  myself?  etc. 


NEGATIVE-INTERROGATIVE    CONJUGATION 
Present  Indicative 

<i  no  me  lavo  (yo)  ? 

<i  no  te  lavas  (///)? 

,;  no  se  lava  (el)  ? 

<j  no  se  lava  V.  ? 

^  no  nos  lavamos  (nosotros')  ? 


NEGATIVE    AND    INTERROGATIVE    CONJUGATIONS 


<i  no  os  lavais  (vosotros)  ? 
<i  no  se  la  van  (ellos)  ? 
<;  no  se  lavan  VV.  ? 
Do  I  not  wash  myself?  etc. 

COMPOUND    TENSES 


NEGATIVE 
Present 

(yd)  no  me  he  lavado 

(tu)  no  te  has  lavado 

(el)  no  se  ha  lavado 

V.  no  se  ha  lavado 

(nosotros)  no  nos  nemos  lavado 

(vosotros)  no  os  habeis  lavado 

(ellos)  no  se  han  lavado 

VV.  no  se  han  lavado 


CONJUGATION 
Indicative 

I  have  not  washed  myself 
Thou  hast  not  washed  thyself 
He  has  not  washed  himself 
Your  honor  has  not  washed  himself 
We  have  not  washed  ourselves 
Ye  have  not  washed  yourselves 
They  have  not  washed  themselves 
Your  honors  have  not  washed  them- 
selves 


me  he  lavado  (yo)  ? 

te  has  lavado  (///)? 

se  ha  lavado  (el)  ? 

se  ha  lavado  V.  ? 

nos  hemos  lavado  (nosotros)  ? 

os  habeis  lavado  (vosotros) 

se  han  lavado  (ellos)  ? 

se  han  lavado  VV.  ? 


INTERROGATIVE    CONJUGATION 
Present  Indicative 

Have  I  washed  myself? 
Hast  thou  washed  thyself? 
Has  he  washed  himself? 
Has  your  honor  washed  himself? 
Have  we  washed  ourselves  ? 
Have  ye  washed  yourselves? 
Have  they  washed  themselves? 
Have    your  honors    washed    them 
selves  ? 


NEGATIVE-INTERROGATIVE    CONJUGATION 
Present  Indicative 


<?  no  me  he  lavado  (yd)  ? 
<;  no  te  has  lavado  (///)? 
<;  no  se  ha  lavado  (el)  ? 
£  no  se  ha  lavado  V.  ? 

£  no  nos  hemos  lavado  (nosotros)  ? 
£  no  os  habeis  lavado  (vosotros)  ? 
<:  no  se  han  lavado  (ellos)  ? 
<i  no  se  han  lavado  VV.  ? 


Have  I  not  washed  myself? 

Hast  thou  not  washed  thyself? 

Has  he  not  washed  himself? 

Has  your  honor  not  washed  him- 
self? 

Have  we  not  washed  ourselves? 

Have  ye  not  washed  yourselves? 

Have  they  not  washed  themselves  ? 

Have  your  honors  not  washed 
themselves  ? 


84 


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90  IMPERSONAL  REFLEXIVE  VERBS 

IMPERSONAL  REFLEXIVE  USED  FOR  THE 
PERSONAL  REFLEXIVE 

136.  Permanent  reflexive  verbs,  besides  being  conjugated 
in  all  the  persons  and  numbers,  may  also  be  conjugated  imper- 
sonally ;  that  is,  with  the  reflexive  pronoun  se  throughout,  and 
the  verb  in  the  third  person  singular  of  each  tense,  the  re- 
spective dative  pronouns  being  used  to  distinguish  person  and 
number,  as  follows : 

se  me  alegra,  alegraba,  etc.  I  rejoice,  was  rejoicing,  etc. 

se  te  alegra,  alegraba,  etc.  thou  rejoicest,  wast  rejoicing,  etc. 

se  le  alegra,  alegraba,  etc.  he  rejoices,  was  rejoicing,  etc. 

se  le  alegra  a  V.,  alegraba  a  V.,  your  honor  rejoices,  was  rejoicing, 

etc.  etc. 

se  nos  alegra,  alegraba,  etc.  we  rejoice,  were  rejoicing,  etc. 

se  os  alegra,  alegraba,  etc.  ye  rejoice,  were  rejoicing,  etc. 

se  les  alegra,  alegraba,  etc.  they  rejoice,  were  rejoicing,  etc. 

se  les  alegra  a  VV.,  alegraba  a  your    honors    rejoice,   were    re- 

VV.,  etc.  joicing,  etc. 

To  accustom  the  student  to  this  common  form  of  expression 
the  verb  is  written  out  in  full  on  pages  88,  89. 

The  meaning  is  practically  the  same  as  inj:he  personal  con- 
jugation on  pages  86,  87. 

The  explanation  of  this  seems  to  be  that  the  Spaniard,  in 
saying  se  me  alegra,  etc.,  really  without  thinking  uses  se  as  a 
subject,  although  it  has  the  objective  form.  Just  as  in  English, 
when  we  say  "methinks  I  see,"  me  is  unthinkingly  used  as  a 
subject,  although  it  has  the  objective  form,  the  expression  being 
equivalent  to  "  I  think  I  see." 


Conjugate  like  abrazarse,  /.  91. 

admirarse,  to  admire  each  other.  educarse,  to  educate  each  other, 

afeitarse,  to  shave  each  other.  enganarse,  to  deceive  each  other, 

ayudarse,  to  aid  each  other.  felicitarse,  to  congratulate  each  other, 

comprenderse,  to  understand  each  other,  interrumpirse,  to  interrupt  each  other. 
consultarse,  to  consult  each  other.          mirarse,  to  look  at  each  other. 
conocerse,  to  know  each  other.  mostrarse,  to  show  to  each  other, 

detestarse,  to  detest  each  other.  oprimirse,  to  oppress  each  other. 

disputarse,  to  wrangle  with  each  other,    parecerse,  to  resemble  each  other. 


ABRAZARSE 


o  a  a  «    a 

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96  SUBSTITUTE    FOR   THE    PASSIVE 

REFLEXIVE  SUBSTITUTE   FOR   THE   PASSIVE 

140.  In  Spanish,  as  in  French,  the  use  of  the  passive  is 
avoided  as  much  as  possible.  In  its  place  they  prefer  to  use 
the  verb  reflexively,  or  else  in  the  indefinite  third  person  plural, 
with  no  subject  expressed.  For  example,  '  the  books  are  sold/ 
se  venden  los  libros,  in  place  of  los  libros  son  vendidos  ;  although 
the  latter  is  correct  grammatically  and  could  be  used.  And 
again, '  it  is  said  '  =se  dice  or  dicen  ;  the  latter,  dicen,  is  the  exact 
equivalent  for  'our  English  '  they  say/  and  is  used  in  the  same 
way. 

141.    The  use  of  the  reflexive   form  for  the  passive   comes 
under  two  heads  : 

1.  When  the  subject  of  the  passive  verb  is  a  thing  or  an  in- 
animate object,  then  the  reflexive  substitute  has  the  same  sub- 
ject as  the   passive  verb.     For  example,  '  the  houses  are  sold/ 
se  venden  las  casas ;  'Spanish  is  spoken  here/  aqiti  se  habla 
espanol ;   '  it  is  said/  se  dice;  '  it  has  been  said  that  they  would 
come/  se  ha  dicho  que  vendrian.    In  these  cases,  as  the  subject 
is  a  thing,  no  possible  ambiguity  can  arise  in  the  use  of  the  re- 
flexive  in   place   of  the   passive,   for   the  literal  translation   of 
se  venden  las  casas  is,  '  the  houses  sell  themselves' ;  and,  as  it  is 
impossible  for   the  houses  to  sell  themselves,  the  real  meaning 
can  only  be,  '  the  houses  are  sold/ 

2.  When  the  subject  of  the  passive  verb  is  a  person  or   an 
animate  object,  then  the  subject  of  the  passive  verb  cannot  be 
made   the  subject  of  the  reflexive  substitute  on  account  of  the 
ambiguity  that  would  arise.    For  example,  '  the  man  was  killed/ 
if  made  reflexive  with  the  subject  the  same,  would  be,  se  mato 
el  hombre,  which   would  mean  '  the  man  killed  himself/  and  not 
'  the   man  was  killed/     In   this  case  the  subject  of  the  passive 
verb    is    made    the  object  of  the  reflexive   verb,   and  we  have 
se  mato  al  hombre.      This  can  be  explained  or  translated   lit- 
erally in  two  ways :   first,  considering  the  verb  as  impersonal, 
it  would  be,  '  it  killed  itself  to  the  man/  se  being  the   direct 
object  and  man  the  indirect  object ;    second,  the  subject  of  the 
reflexive  verb  may  be  considered  to  be  unoy  alguien,  or  some 


IMPERSONAL   VERBS  97 

other  indefinite  subject,  man  being  the  direct  object,  and  se  the 
indirect  object  and  at  the  same  time  a  superfluous  or  ethical 
dative,  in  which  case  the  literal  translation  would  be,  *  one  (or 
somebody)  killed  the  man  for  himself.'  Either  explanation  of 
this  construction  is  permissible  and  will  explain  the  variation  in 
the  object  pronouns  which  are  sometimes  direct  and  sometimes 
indirect  in  form ;  for  example,  le  and  les  are  always  used  in 
place  of  lo  and  los,  but  in  all  other  cases  the  direct  objective 
forms  are  used.  Furthermore,  in  this  construction  the  redun- 
dant pronouns  are  almost  always  used : 

The  man  was  seen,..sv?  le  vib  al  hombre 
The  men  were  seen,  se  les  vib  d  los  hombres 
The  woman  was  seen,  se  la  vib  a  la  mujer 
The  women  were  seen,  se  las  vib  d  las  mujeres 
They  were  seen,  se  les  (las)  vib  d  ellos  (d  ellas) 
Let  the  man  be  killed,  mdtesele  al  hombre 
Let  them  be  killed,  mdteseles  (las)  d  ellos  (d  ellas) 
Mdtesemeles,  let  them  be  killed  (for  me)  :  this  meaning  is  the  same 

as  the  preceding,  the  only  difference  being  the  use  of  a  superfluous 

dative  me,  for  me. 

There  is  no  doubt  but  that  the  Spaniards  unconsciously  use 
this  se  as  a  subject,  about  equivalent  in  meaning  to  the  French 
on  ;  it  can  always  be  translated  in  that  way  and  give  a  correct 
translation  of  the  Spanish  expression ;  as,  se  mato  al  hombre  t 
'  one  killed  the  man '  =  on  tua  rhomme.  But  it  must  be 
remembered  that  grammatically  it  is  always  an  object  pronoun, 
as  is  seen  by  its  position  in  the  imperative. 

NOTE.  —  There  is  a  slight  shade  of  difference  in  meaning  between  se  dice,  the  re- 
flexive substitute,  and  dicen,  the  indefinite  third  person  plural  substitute :  se  dice 
meaning  '  it  is  said,'  where  the  speaker  is  included  with  others  ;  whereas  in  dicen 
the  speaker  is  not  included.  Practically  the  same  difference  exists  in  English  between 
"it  is  said  "  and  "they  say." 

IMPERSONAL   VERBS 

142.  Impersonal  verbs  have  already  been  defined  to  be 
verbs  that  have  neither  subject  nor  object,  and  usually  refer 
to  some  phenomena  of  nature.  They  are  conjugated  only  in 


98  IMPERSONAL   VERBS 

the  infinitive,  present  participle,  past  participle,  and  in  the  third 
person  singular  of  the  other  moods  and  tenses.  Impersonal 
verbs  may  be  either  essential  or  accidental.  Essential  imper- 
sonal verbs  are  used  only  as  impersonal  verbs,  and  always  refer 
to  some  phenomena  of  nature.  The  principal  essential  im- 
personal verbs  are : 

Alborear,  to  dawn  Llover,  to  rain 

Amanecer,  to  dawn  Lloviznar,  to  drizzle 

Anochecer,  to  grow  dark  Nevar,  to  snow 

Deshelar,  to  thaw  Relampaguear,  to  lighten 

Granizar,  to  hail  Tronar,  to  thunder 

Helar,  to  freeze  Ventear,  to  blow 

NOTE.  —  In  figurative  language,  these  verbs  may  have  a  subject :  la  artilleria 
truena,  the  artillery  thunders. 

143.  Accidental  impersonal  verbs  are  ordinary  verbs  that 
may  sometimes  be  used  impersonally.  They  may  have  a  neuter 
subject,  ello,  it,  expressed  for  emphasis,  when  not  used  in  de- 
scribing phenomena  of  nature. 

The  principal  accidental  impersonal  verbs  are : 

Acaecer,    acontecer,    suceder,    to  happen :    (ello)    acaece,    acontece, 

sucede,  it  happens. 

Bastar,  to  be  sufficient :  (ello)  basta,  it  is  sufficient. 
Constar,  to  be  evident :  (ello)  consta,  it  is  evident. 
Convenir,  to  suit :  (ello)  conviene,  it  suits. 
Estar,  to  be  :  estd  nevando,  it  is  snowing. 
Haber,   there  to  be  :   hay  hombres,   there  are  men ;   /  cudnto  hay  de 

aqui  ?  how  far  is  it  from  here  ? 
Hacer,  to  be  :   hace  un  mes,  it  is  one  month  (one  month  ago)  ;   hace 

sol,  it  is  sunny. 
Importar,  to  matter,  to  be  important :    (ello)   importa,  it  matters,  is 

important. 
Ser,  to  be  :  es  verdad,  necesario,  it  is  true,  necessary ;  son  las  dos,  it  is 

two  o'clock. 

Some  of  these  verbs  may  also  be  employed  in  the  third 
person  plural,  and  may  agree  with  a  subject:  muchos  milagros 
me  sucedieron,  many  miracles  happened  to  me. 


IMPERSONAL   VERBS 


99 


Under  this  head  also  comes  the  impersonal  substitute  in 
permanent  reflexive  verbs :  me  alegro,  I  rejoice,  or  se  me 
alegra,  I  rejoice, —  (lit.)  it  rejoices  itself  to  me. 

144.   THE  IMPERSONAL  VERB  HABER  —  THERE  TO  BE 

SIMPLE   TENSES 

INFINITIVE;  haber,  there  to  be.  PRESENT   PARTICIPLE:  habiendo,  there  being. 

PAST  PARTICIPLE;  habido,  there  having  been. 


INDICATIVE   MOOD 

Present 
hay          there  is  or  there  are 

Imperfect 
habia        there  was  or  there  were 

Past  Definite 
hubo         there  was  or  there  were 

Future 
habra       there  will  be 

Conditional  (  Consequent) 
habria     there  would  be 


SUBJUNCTIVE  MOOD 

Present 
haya  that  there  be  or  may  be. 

Imperfect  {First  Form) 
hubiera    that  there  should  be  or  were 

Imperfect  {Second  Form*) 
hubiese    that  there  were  or  should  be. 
Future 

si,  cuando,  mientras,  aunque,  etc.,  hubiere,  if,  when, 
while,  although,  etc.,  there  be  or  shall  be 

Conditional  {Antecedent*) 
si  hubiera  or  hubiese,  if  there  should  be,  or  were 


haya 


IMPERATIVE   MOOD,  AFFIRMATIVE  AND  NEGATIVE 
let  there  be  no  haya    let  there  not  be 


COMPOUND   TENSES 

COMPOUND    INFINITIVE:  haber  habido,  there  to  have  been. 
COMPOUND  PRESENT  PARTICIPLE  :    habiendo  habido,  there  having  been. 


INDICATIVE   MOOD 


Comp.  Pres. 
Comp.  Imp. 
Comp.  Past  Def. 
Comp.  Put. 
Comp.  Cond. 


ha  habido 
habia  habido 
hubo  habido 
habra  habido 
habria  habido 


there  has  or  have  been 
there  had  been 
(when)  there  had  been 
there  will  have  been 
there  would  have  been 


SUBJUNCTIVE  MOOD 

Comp.  Pres.  haya  habido  that  there  were  or  may  have  been 

Comp.  Imp.  (ist  form)    hubiera  habido  that  there  should  have  been  or  had  been 

Comp.  I  mp.  (2d  form)    hubiese  habido  that  there  had  been  or  should  have  been 

Comp.  Fut.  hubiere  habido  that  there  have  been  or  shall   have  been 

Comp.  Cond.  hubiera   or   hubiese  that  there  should  have  been  or  had  been 

habido 

NOTE.  —  The  only  variation  from  the  auxiliary  haber  is  in  the  third  person  singular  present 
indicative  —  hay  instead  of  ha.  In  the  compound  present  indicative,  however,  ha  is  used  In  the 
personal  verb,  the  imperative  singular  and  plural  he,  hed,  in  the  meaning  of  behold,  are  still  found, 
with  the  adverbs  aqui,  ahi  and  alii,  and  the  pronoun  objects  me,  te,  le,  la,  lo,  nos,  os,  los,  las. 


heme  aqui,  here  I  am. 
helo  ahf,  there  it  is. 


hednos  aqui,  here  we  are. 
helos,  helas  ahi,  there  they  are. 


100  IMPERSONAL   VERBS 

145.     THE    IMPERSONAL   VERB    GRANIZARz=TO    HAIL 

SIMPLE   TENSES 

INFINITIVE:  granizar,  to  hail.  PRESENT  PARTICIPLE:  granizando,  hailing. 

PAST  PARTICIPLE  :  granizado,  hailed. 

INDICATIVE  MOOD  SUBJUNCTIVE  MOOD 

Present  Present 

graniza        it  hails  granice         that  it  hail  or  may  hail 

Imperfect  Imperfect  {First  Form} 

granizaba  it  was  hailing  or  used  to  hail         granizara    that  it  should  hail  or  hailed 

Past  Definite  Imperfect  {Second  Form} 

granizo        it  hailed  granizase    that  it  hailed  or  should  hail. 
Future  Future 

granizara    it  will  hail  si,  cuando,  mientras,  aunque,  etc.,  granizare,  if,  when, 

while,  although,  etc. ,  it  hail  or  shall  hail 

Conditional  {Consequent}  Conditional  {Antecedent} 

granizaria  it  would  hail  si  granizara    or    granizase,   if  it  should  hail  or 

hailed 

IMPERATIVE   MOOD,  AFFIRMATIVE  AND  NEGATIVE 
granice        let  it  hail  no  granice    let  it  not  hail 

COMPOUND   TENSES 

COMPOUND   INFINITIVE:  haber  granizado,  to  have  hatted. 
COMPOUND   PRESENT  PARTICIPLE  :  habiendo  granizado,  having  hailed. 

INDICATIVE  MOOD 

Comp.  Pres.  ha  granizado  it  has  hailed 

Comp.  Imp.  habia  granizado  it  had  hailed 

Comp.  Past  Def .  hubo  granizado  (when)  it  had  hailed 

Comp.  Put.  habra  granizado  it  shall  have  hailed 

Comp.  Cond.  habria  granizado  it  should  have  hailed 

SUBJUNCTIVE  MOOD 

Comp.  Pres.  haya  granizado  that  it  have  or  may  have  hailed 

Comp.  Imp.  (ist  form)    hubiera  granizado  that  it  should  have  or  had  hailed 

Comp.  Imp.  (ad  form)     hubiese  granizado  thatit  had  or  should  have  hailed 

Comp.  Fut.  hubjere  granizado  that  it  have  or  shall  have  hailed 

Comp.  Cond.  hubiera  or  hubiese  that  it  should  have  or  had  hailed 

granizado 

146.     THE    IMPERSONAL   VERB   LLOVER^TO    RAIN 

SIMPLE   TENSES 

INFINITIVE:    Hover,  to  rain.  PRESENT  PARTICIPLE:    lloviendo,  raining. 

PAST  PARTICIPLE:    llovido,  rained. 

INDICATIVE  MOOD  SUBJUNCTIVE  MOOD 

Present  Present 

\ne\e         it  rains  H;«?va  that  it  rain  or  may  rain 

Imperfect  Imperfect  {First  Form} 

llovia         it  was  raining  or  used  to  rain  Iloviera        that  it  should  rain  or  rained 

Past  Definite  Imperfect  {Second  Form} 

llovio         it  rained  Hoviese         thatit  rained  or  should  rain 


IMPERSONAL   VERBS  IOI 

Future  Future 

llovera     it  will  rain  si,  cuando,  mientras,  aunque,  etc.,  lloviere,  if,  when, 

while,  although,  etc.,  it  rain  or  shall  rain 

Conditional  (Consequent)  Conditional  (Antecedent} 

lloveria    it  would  rain  si  lloviera  or  lloviese,  if  it  should  rain  or  rained. 

IMPERATIVE  MOOD,  AFFIRMATIVE  AND  NEGATIVE 
\\ue\a.        let  it  rain  no  \\ue\a.     let  it  not  rain 


COMPOUND   TENSES 

COMPOUND   INFINITIVE:  haber  llovido,  to  have  rained. 
COMPOUND   PRESENT  PARTICIPLE:    habiendo  llovido,  having  rained. 

INDICATIVE  MOOD 

Comp.  Pres.  ha  llovido  it  has  rained 

Comp.  Imp.  habia  llovido  it  had  rained 

Comp   Past  Def .  hubo  llovido  (when)  it  had  rained 

Comp.  Fut.  habra  llovido  it  shall  have  rained 

Comp.  Cond.  habria  llovido  it  should  have  rained 

SUBJUNCTIVE  MOOD 

Comp   Pres.  haya  llovido  that  it  have  or  may  have  rained 

Comp.  Imp.  (ist  form)    hubiera  llovido  that  it  should  have  or  had  rained 

Comp.  Imp.  (2d  form)    hubiese  llovido  that  it  had  or  should  have  rained 

Comp.  Fut.  hubiere  llovido  that  it  have  or  shall  have  rained 

Comp.  Cond.  hubiera  or  hubiese  that  it  should  have  or  had  rained 

llovido 


147.     THE    IMPERSONAL   VERB    NEVARA  TO    SNOW 

SIMPLE   TENSES 

INFINITIVE  :  nevar,  to  snow.  PRESENT  PARTICIPLE :  nevando,  snowing. 

PAST  PARTICIPLE:  nevado,  snowed. 

INDICATIVE  MOOD  SUBJUNCTIVE   MOOD 

Present  Present 

n/Vva          it  snows  m>ve  that  it  snow  or  may  snow 

Imperfect  Imperfect  (First  Form} 

nevaba      it  was  snowing  or  used  to  snow        nevara        that  it  should  snow  or  snowed 

Past  Definite  Imperfect  (Second  Form} 

nevo          it  snowed  nevase        that  it  snowed  or  should  snow 

Future  Future 

nevara      it  will  snow  si,  cuando,  mientras,  aunque,  etc.,  nevare,  if,  when, 

while,  although,  etc.,  it  snow  or  shall  snow 

Conditional  (Consequent)  Conditional  (Antecedent) 

nevaria    it  would  snow  si  nevara  or  nevase,  if  it  should  snow  or  snowed 

IMPERATIVE  MOOD,  AFFIRMATIVE  AND  NEGATIVE 
nieve         let  it  snow  no  n/Vve     let  it  not  snow. 


102 


IMPERSONAL   VERBS 


COMPOUND  TENSES 


COMP.  INFINITIVE  :  haber  nevado,  to  have  snowed. 
COMPOUND  PRESENT  PARTICIPLE:  habiendo  nevado,  having  snowed. 


Comp.  Pres. 
Comp.  Imp. 
Comp.  Past  Def. 
Comp.  Fut. 
Comp.  Cond. 


INDICATIVE  MOOD 
ha  nevado  it  has  snowed 


habia  nevado 
hubo  nevado 
hahra  nevado 
habria  nevado 


it  had  snowed 
(when)  i  t  had  snowed 
it  shall  have  snowed 
it  should  have  snowed 


SUBJUNCTIVE  MOOD 


Comp.  Pres.  haya  nevado 

Comp.  Imp.  (ist  form)    hubiera  nevado 
Comp.  Imp.  (2d  form)    hubiese  nevado 
Comp.  Fut. 
Comp.  Cond. 


hubiere  nevado 
hubiera  or  hubiese 
nevado 


that  it  have  or  may  have  snowed 
that  it  should  have  or  had  snowed 
that  it  had  or  should  have  snowed 
that  it  have  or  shall  have  snowed 
that  it  should  have  or  had  snowed 


148.     THE    IMPERSONAL    VERB   RELAMPAGUEAR 

LIGHTEN 


TO 


SIMPLE   TENSES 


INFINITIVE:  relampaguear,  to  lighten.          PRES.  PART.  :  relampagueando,  lightening. 
PAST  PARTICIPLE  :    relampagueado,  lightened. 


INDICATIVE  MOOD 

Present 
relampaguea         it  lightens 

Imperfect 
relampagueaba    it  was    1: 


used  to  lighten 
Past  Definite 
relampagueo         it  lightened 

Future 
relampagueara     it  will  lighten 

Conditional  (Consequent*) 
relampaguearia    it  would  lighten 


SUBJUNCTIVE  MOOD 

Present 
relampaguee  that  it  lighten  or  may  lighten 

Imperfect  (First  Form) 
relampagueara       that  it  should  lighten  or  lightened 

Imperfect  (Second  Form} 

relampaguease       that  it  lightened  or  should  lighten 
Future 

si,  cuando,  mientras,  aunque,  etc.,  relampagueare,  if 

it  lighten  or  shall  lighten 

Conditional  (Antecedent) 

si  relampagueara  or  relampaguease,  if  it  should 
lighten  or  lightened 


relampaguee 


IMPERATIVE   MOOD,  AFFIRMATIVE  AND  NEGATIVE 
let  it  lighten  no  relampaguee     let  it  not  lighten 


COMPOUND   TENSES 

COMPOUND   INFINITIVE  :  haber  relampagueado,  to  have  lightened. 
COMPOUND  PRESENT  PARTICIPLE  :   habiendo  relampagueado,  having  l^htened. 

INDICATIVE  MOOD 
Comp.  Pres.  ha  relampagueado  it  has  lightened 


. 

Comp.  Imp.  habia  relampagueado 

Comp.  Past  Def.    hubo  relampagueado 
hahra  relampagueado 


Comp.  Fut. 
Comp.  Cond. 


it  had  lightened 
(when)  it  had  lightened 
it  shall  have  lightened 


.  ---  .-  -,,......K..S  „„....„ 

habria  relampagueado    it  should  have  lightened 


SUBJUNCTIVE  MOOD 

Comp.  Pres.  haya  relampagueado  that  it  have  or  may  have  lightened 

Comp.  Imp.  (ist  form)    hubiera  relampagueado  that  it  should  have  or  had  lightened 

Comp.  Imp.  (2d  form)    hubiese  relampagueado  that  it  had  or  should  have  lightened 

Comp.  Fut.  hubiere  relampagueado  that  it  have  or  shall  have  lightened 

Comp.  Cond.  hubiera  or   hubiese   re=  that  it  should  have  or  had  lightened 

lampagueado 


IMPERSONAL   VERBS 


103 


149.     THE   IMPERSONAL    VERB   AMANECER  =  TO   DAWN 

SIMPLE   TENSES 

INFINITIVE:  amanecer,  to  dawn.        PRESENT  PARTICIPLE :  amaneciendo,  dawning. 
PAST  PARTICIPLE  :  amanecido,  dawned. 


SUBJUNCTIVE  MOOD 

Present 

amanecc  a  that  it  dawn  or  may  dawn 

Imperfect  {First  Form) 


INDICATIVE   MOOD 

Present 
amanece          it  dawns 

Imperfect 

amanecia         it  was  dawning  or  used  to        amaneciera      that  it  should  dawn  or  dawned 
dawn 

Past  Definite 
amanecio          t  dawned 
Future 
amanecera      it  will  dawn 


Conditional  (  Consequent) 
amaneceria     it  would  dawn 


Imperfect  {Second  Forni) 
amaneciese      that  it  dawned  or  should  dawn 
Future 

si,  cuando,  mientras,  aunque,  etc.,  amaneciere,  if, 
when,  while,  although,  etc.,  it  dawn  or  shall  dawn. 

Conditional  (Antecedent} 

si  amaneciera  or  amaneciese,  if  it  should  dawn  or 
dawned 


IMPERATIVE   MOOD,  AFFIRMATIVE  AND  NEGATIVE 
atnanezca         let  it  dawn  no  amanezca    let  it  not  dawn 

COMPOUND  TENSES 

COMPOUND  INFINITIVE  :   haber  amanecido,  to  have  dawned. 
COMPOUND  PRESENT  PARTICIPLE  :  habiendo  amanecido,  having  dawned. 


INDICATIVE   MOOD 


Comp.  Pres. 
Comp.  Imp. 


ha  amanecido 
habia  amanecido 


Comp.  Past  Def.    hubo  amanecido 
Comp.  Put.  habra  amanecido 

Comp.  Cond. 


it  has  dawned 
it  had  dawned 
(when)  it  had  dawned 
it  shall  have  dawned 
habria  amanecido    it  should  have  dawned 


SUBJUNCTIVE  MOOD 

Comp.  Pres.  haya  amanecido  that  it  have  or  may  have  dawned 

Comp.  Imp.  (ist  form)    hubiera  amanecido  that  it  should  have  or  had  dawned 

Comp.  Imp.  (ad  form)    hubiese  amanecido  that  it  had  or  should  have  dawned 

Comp.  Fut.  hubiere  amanecido  that  it  have  or  shall  have  dawned 

Comp.  Cond.  hubiera  or  hubiese 

amanecido  that  it  should  have  or  had  dawned 

NOTE.  —  Amanecer,  to  dawn,  and  its  companion  verb  anochecer,  to  grow  dusk,  may  be  in- 
flected throughout  with  a  personal  meaning:  amanecimos  en  Nueva  York,  it  was  dawn  when  we 
reached  New  York;  anochecimos  en  Nueva  York,  it  was  dark  when  we  reached  New  York. 


104  IRREGULAR   VERBS 

IRREGULAR   VERBS 

150.  We  have  seen  that  by  dropping  the  endings  ary  er  or 
ir  of  the  infinitive  we  obtain  the  stem  of  the  verb. 

We  have  also  seen  that  in  the  regular  verbs  the  stem  never 
varies  except  for  orthographic  changes. 

In  irregular  verbs  the  inflectional  endings  are  the  same 
(except  in  a  few  verbs)  as  in  the  regular  verbs ;  but  the  stem 
varies  from  that  in  the  infinitive  so  as  to  assume  sometimes 
two,  sometimes  three  different  forms. 

Knowing  these  two  or  three  different  forms  of  the  stem  and 
what  the  tenses  are  that  are  built  up  on  them,  we  can  conjugate 
the  whole  verb  by  adding  the  usual  fixed  inflexional  endings. 

These  three  stems  are:  1st,  the  stem  of  the  infinitive  or 
present  stem;  2d,  the  stem  of  the  past  definite,  or  past  defi- 
nite stem ;  and  third,  the  full  infinitive  itself,  called  for  con- 
venience the  future  stem. 

By  comparison  of  all  the  irregular  verbs  it  can  be  demon- 
strated that  upon  these  three  stems  the  following  tenses  are 

built  up  respectively : 

Infinitive 

Present  Participle  (usually) 

Past  Participle 


Present  Stem 


Present  Indicative 


Imperfect  Indicative 
Present  Subjunctive 
Imperative 
("  Present  Participle  (occasionally) 

Past  Definite  Indicative 
Past  Definite  Stem  ^   Imperfect  Subjunctives 
Future  Subjunctive 
Conditional  Subjunctive 

Future  Stem\  Future  Indicative 

(  Conditional  Indicative 

151.  Whenever  an  irregularity  occurs  in  the  future   stem  it 
is  present  throughout  the  future  and   conditional  tenses  of  the 
indicative. 

152.  An  irregularity  never  occurs  throughout  the  tenses  of 
the  present   stem ;    and   an  irregularity  may  or  may  not  occur 
throughout  the  tenses  of  the  past  definite  stem. 


IRREGULAR   VERBS  10$ 

153.  When    an  irregularity  occurs  in  the   present  or    past 
definite  stems  under  certain  conditions  only  (depending  on  tonic 
accent  and   inflectional  ending),  this   irregularity  will  be  found 
to  exist  in   the  tenses  built  up  on  those  stems,  when  those  con- 
ditions are  fulfilled,  and  not  otherwise. 

154.  For    convenience,    when    a    stem    receives    the    tonic 
accent,  it  will  be  called  a  tonic  stem ;  and  when  a  stem  does  not 
receive  the  tonic  accent  it  will  be  called  an  atonic  stem. 

The  stem-vowel  is  the  vowel  of  the  stem  nearest  the  ending. 

155.  The  learner  will  be  greatly  aided  in  mastering  irregular 
verbs   if  he    remembers    that   the   present   subjunctive   always 
comes    from   the   first   person   singular    present  indicative,   by 
changing  the  ending  o  to  a  or  e,  as,  caber,  qitepo,  quepa  ;  sonar, 
sueno,  snene ;  and   the  other  tenses  of   the   subjunctive  always 
come  from   the  third  person  plural   past  definite  by  changing 
ron  to  ra,  sc,  re,  as,  poder,  pudieron,  pndiera,  pndiese,  pudiere. 
There   are  only  a  few   irregular  futures ;  only  a  few  irregular 
second  person  singulars  of  the  imperative. 

156.  Irregular  verbs  are  divided  into  seven  classes : 

First  Class 

This  class  comprises  verbs  in  ar  and  er,  and  one  in  tr,  hav- 
ing the  stem-vowels  e  and  o.  Their  irregularity  consists  in 
the  expansion  of  the  stem-vowel  e  into  its  diphthong  te,  or  of 
o  into  its  diphthong  ue,  when  the  stem  is  tonic.  This  irregu- 
larity will  therefore  occur  in  the  present  stem  only,  and  there 
only  as  follows : 

ist,  2d   and  3d  Person    Singular  \         (  Present  Indicative, 

and  >•  of  A  Present  Subjunctive, 

3d  Person  Plural  >        (_  Imperative ; 

for  in  all  other  cases  the  stem  is  atonic. 

There  are  341  verbs  in  this  class,  subdivided  as  follows: 

ar,  stem-vowel  e  156  ....  (model flensar,  p.  108). 

ar,  stem-vowel  o  ...  126  ....  (model  sonar,  p.  114). 

er,  stem-vowel  e  .     .     .  27  ....  ( model /m/<?;-,  p.  118). 

er,  stem-vowel  o  ...  31  ....  (model  mover,  p.  120). 

ir,  stem-vowel   e  .     .     .  i  .     .     .     .  \discernir,  p.  126). 


IO6  IRREGULAR    VERBS 

Second  Class 

157.  This   class   comprises    verbs    in    ir   only,    having    the 
stem-vowels  e  and  o.    Their  irregularity  consists  in  the  expansion 
of  the  stem-vowel  e  into  its  diphthong  z>,,or  of  o  into  its  diph- 
thong tie,  when  the  stem  is  tonic,  exactly  as  with  verbs  of  the 
first  class.       In  addition,  however,  the  stem-vowel  e  becomes  z, 
or  the  stem-vowel  o  becomes  u,  when  the  stem  is  atonic  and  is 
followed  by  a,  ie  or  to.    The  latter  change  takes  place  as  follows  : 

Present  Participle. 

First  and  Second  Persons  Plural  Present  Subjunctive. 

First  Person  Plural  Imperative. 

Third  Person  Singular  and  Plural  Past  Definite. 

Imperfect  Subjunctives. 

Future  Subjunctive. 

There  are  fifty  verbs  in  this  class,  subdivided  as  follows: 

ir,  stem-vowel  e 43     ...    (model  sentir,  p.  128). 

ir,  stem-vowel  o 7     ...   (model  morir,  p.  134). 

Third  Class 

158.  This  class  comprises  verbs  ending  in  ir  only,  having  the 
stem-vowel  e.     Their  irregularity  consists  in  e  becoming  i  when 
the  stem  is  tonic  or  when  followed  by  a,  ie,  or  io,  viz.,  in 

Present  Indicative,  except  First  and  Second  Persons-  Plural. 

Present  Subjunctive. 

Imperative,  except  Second  Person  Plural. 

Present  Participle. 

Past  Definite,  Third  Person  Singular  and  Plural. 

Imperfect  and  Future  Subjunctives. 

There  are  54  verbs  in  this  class  (model  servir,  p.  136). 
Fourth   Class 

159.  This  class  comprises    verbs    in    acer,   ecer,    ocer,    ucir. 
Their  irregularity  consists  in  inserting  a  z  before  the  c  when  fol- 
lowed by  a  or  0,  viz.,  in 

First  Person  Singular  Present  Indicative. 
Throughout  Present  Subjunctive. 
Imperative  derived  from  Present  Subjunctive. 

There  are  210  verbs  in  this  class,  sub-divided  as  follows: 

^cer,  ecer,  ocer    ....     20^5     .     .     .     (model  conocer,  p.  140). 
ucir 7     ...     (model  /»«>,  p.  144). 


IRREGULAR   VERBS  IO/ 

Fifth  Class 

160.  This  class  comprises  verbs  in  uir,  both  vowels  being 
sounded  —  that   is,    it   does    not    include  verbs    in  guir,   quir. 
Their   irregularity   consists   in   inserting    y   before   the  ending 
when  the  stem-vowel  u  gets  the  tonic  accent  or  is  followed  by  a 
or  o,  viz.,  in 

Present  Indicative,  except  First  and  Second  Persons  Plural. 

Present  Subjunctive. 

Imperative  derived  from  Present  Subjunctive. 

In  addition,  this  class  of  verbs  undergoes  the  orthographic 
change  of  i  into  y  of  the  diphthongal  endings  iet  io  in  the  past 
definite  stem.  (See  creer,  p.  68.) 

There  are  38  verbs  in  this  class,  subdivided  as  follows: 

uir  (not  guir,  quir]    ....     36     ..      (model  atribuir,  p.  146). 
guir 2  (model  arguir,  p.  148). 

Sixth   Class 

161.  This  class  consists  of  fourteen  verbs  in  ar,  er  and  ir 
and  their  compounds,  with  irregular  past  definites.       The  tonic 
accent  in  the  first  and  third  persons  singular   past  definite,  is 
on  the  stem  instead  of  on  the  ending  as  in  other  verbs.     These 
are  as  follows : 

1.  andar  5.  estar    (see  p.  7.  hacer  n.  saber 

2.  caber  72)  8.  poder  12.  tener 

3.  decir  6.  haber    (see  p.  9.  poner  13.  traer 

4.  traducir*  20)  io.  querer  14.  venir 

Seventh  Class 

162.  This  class  consists  often  very  irregular  verbs  in  ar,  er 
and  ir  and  their  compounds,  incapable  of  classification  under 
any  other  head.     These  verbs  are  as  follows: 

1.  asir         3.  dar        5.  oir  7.  ser  (see  p.  92)  9.  ver 

2.  caer         4.  ir  6.  salir         8.  valer  io.  yacer 

*  And  other  compounds  of  Jucir,  which  is  now  -obsolete. 


108 


PENSAR 


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DICATIVE  MOO 

• 

11      1 
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^  ffalhllie 

p  .S«2  g^^SjJ  g 

|;§Sl|£ll 
1 

i 

I  thought 
thou  didst  think 
he  thought 
your  honor  thought 
we  thought 
ye  thought 
they  thought 
your  honors  though 

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IRREGULAR   VERBS 


Conjugate  in  the  same  manner  as  pensar,  /.   108. 


abnegar 

dentar 

despernar 

hacendar 

replegar  6 

acertar 

derrenegar 

despertar 

helar 

requebrar 

acrecentar 

derrengar 

despezar  4 

herbar 

resegar 

adecentar 

desacertar 

desplegar 

herrar 

resembrar 

adestrar 

desaferrar 

destentar 

incensar 

resquebrar 

alebrarse 

desalentar 

desterrar 

infernar 

restregar 

alentar 

desapretar 

desventar 

inhestar 

retemblar 

aliquebrar 

desarrendar 

dezmar 

invernar 

re  ten  tar 

apacentar 

desasentar 

dispertar 

jimenzar^simen- 

reventar 

apernar 

desasosegar 

emparentar 

manifestar     [zar 

salpimentar 

apretar 

desatentar 

empedrar 

melar 

sarmentar 

arrendar 

desaterrar 

empellar 

mentar  5 

segar 

asentar 

desatravesar 

empezar 

merendar 

sembrar 

aserrar 

desaventar 

encentar 

negar 

sementar 

asosegar 

desconcertar 

encerrar 

nevar 

sentar 

atentar  * 

desdentar 

encomendar 

perniquebrar 

serrar 

aterrar  2 

desempedrar 

encubertar 

plegar 

sobresembrar 

atestar  3 

desencerrar 

endentar 

quebrar 

sobreventar 

atravesar 

desenterrar 

enhambrentar 

reapretar 

s  or  regar 

avalentar 

desferrar 

enhestar 

reaventar 

sosegar 

aventar 

desgobernar 

enlenzar 

recalentar 

soterrar 

bregar 

deshelar 

enmelar 

recentar 

subarrendar 

calentar 

desherbar 

enmendar 

recomendar 

temblar 

cegar 

desherrar 

ensangrentar 

reencomendar 

tentar  7 

cerrar 

desinvernar 

enterrar 

refregar 

trasegar 

cimentar 

deslendrar 

entrepernar 

regar 

trasfregar 

comenzar 

desmelar 

escarmentar 

regimentar 

travesar 

concertar 

desmembrar 

estregar 

reherrar 

trapezar 

confesar 

desnegar 

ferrar 

remendar 

ventar 

decentar 

desnevar 

fregar 

renegar 

denegar 

despedrar 

gobernar 

repensar 

1  Atentar  is  regular  when  it  means  '  to  attempt  a  crime.' 

2  Aterrar  is  regular  when  it  means  '  to  terrify  '   (from  terror}  ;  when  it  means 
'  to  fell  to  the  ground  '   (from  tierra}  it  is  irregular. 

3  Atestar  is  regular  when  it  means  '  to  testify.' 

4  Despezar  is  regular  when  it  means  'to  make  thinner  at  the  end.' 

5  Comentar,  dementar,  derivatives  from  mentar,  are  regular. 

6  Replegar  is  regular  when  it  means  'to  fold  again.' 

7  Contentar,  detentar,  intentar,   derivatives  from  tentar,  are  regular. 


IRREGULAR   VERBS 


III 


Conjugate  in  the  same  manner  as  sonar,  /.   114. 


absonar 

contracordar 

dolar 

reforzar 

abunolar 

cos  tar 

emporcar 

regoldar 

aclocar 

degollar 

enclocar 

rehollar 

acollar 

demos  trar 

encontrar 

remolar 

acordar  i 

denostar 

encorar 

repoblar 

acornar 

derrocar 

encordar 

reprobar 

acostar 

desacollar 

encornar 

resollar 

afollar 

desacordar 

encovar 

resonar 

aforar  2 

desaforar 

engorar 

retostar 

agorar 

desamoblar 

engrosar 

retronar 

almorzar 

desaprobar 

enrodar 

revolar 

alongar 

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ensonar 

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rogar  6 

apercollar 

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hollar 

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recolar 

trocar 

consolar 

desvergonzarse 

recontar 

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discordar 

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contar 

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1  Acordar  is  regular  when  it  means  '  to  tune '  a  musical  instrument. 

2  Aforar  is  regular  when  it  means  '  to  gauge  '  or  '  appraise.' 

3  Apostar  is  regular  when  it  means  '  to  post '  troops,  guards,  etc. 

4  Desosar  is  regular  when  it  means  '  not  to  dare.' 

5  Foliar  is  regular  when  it  means  '  to  shape  with  leaves.' 

6  All  derivatives  from  rogar  are  regular. 


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IRREGULAR   VERBS 


Conjugate  in  the  same  manner  as  conocer,  /.    140  : 


abastecer 

descaecer 

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aborrecer 

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enllentecer 

adormecer 

desempobrecer 

embobecer 

enmagrecer 

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TABLE  OF  IRREGULAR  VERBS 


persons  singular  ;  third  person  plu 
hird  persons  singular  ;  third  pen 

the  forms  derived  from  present  s 

ons  plural.  Past  definite  third  p 
:  subjunctives. 

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CLASSES  OF  IRREGULAR 

FIRST  CLASS 

f  Present  indicative,  first,  seconc 
hen  the  stem  is  1  Prese^t  subjunctive,  first,  sec 
tonic,  viz.,  in:  1  lmperarive,  second  person  sin 
1,  junctive. 
SECOND  CLASS 

.S 
'1 
S 

3, 

T3 

1 

rt 
0) 

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onic  and  is  fol-  I  son  singular  and  plural, 
wed  by  a,  ie,  io,  [  Imperative  first  person  plural, 
z.,  in  :  }  Present  participle.  Future  sul 

THIRD  CLASS 

the  stem  is  tonic,  viz.,  in  the  above-mentioned  pla< 
the  stem  is  atonic  and  is  followed  by  a,  z>,  io,  viz. 

FOURTH  CLASS 

v^rl  hw  x,  (  Present  indicative  first  person  i 
ved  by  a  or  o,  present  subjunctive  throughoul 
(  Imperative  forms  derived  from 

FIFTH  CLASS 

I'hen  the  stem  is  (  Present  indicative,  except  first  ; 
em  is  followed  j  Present  subjunctive  throughoul 
(  Imperative,  except  second  pers 

C'eSyfJ  S  I  Srde'SSper.on  s,ngl 
endings  te,  to  I  Imperfect  subjunctives. 

[  Future  subjunctive. 

SIXTH  CLASS 

on  the  stem  in  past  definite  tense,  first  and  thirc 

SEVENTH  CLASS 

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DEFECTIVE   VERBS  195 


DEFECTIVE  VERBS 

205.  Defective  verbs  are  those  which  are  wanting  in  some  of 
the  persons  or  tenses.  This  defect  may  be  due  to  various  rea- 
sons, principally,  however,  to  the  fact  that  their  meaning  for- 
bids their  use  in  certain  tenses  or  persons,  or  that  their 
structure  renders  their  conjugation  difficult  or  harsh  to  the 
Spanish  ear. 

1.  Where  defective   on  account  of  form,  a  verb  in  one  lan- 
guage will  not    be   found  to   be   correspondingly   defective   in 
another ;    and  in  the  same  language  usually  other  verbs  will  be 
found   to   supply  the  missing  parts.     Thus  can  and  must  are 
defective  in  English,  but  not  in  French  and  Spanish,  where  the 
corresponding  verbs  are  pouvoir  and    devoir  in    French,    and 
poder    and  deber  in  Spanish ;    and    in  English,    to   supply   the 
missing  parts  of  can,  we   employ  "  to  be  able,"  and  for    the 
missing  parts  of  must  we  use  "to  be  obliged  to."     So  in  Span- 
ish garantir  will  be  found  defective  and  the  missing  parts  sup- 
plied  by  garantizar.       (See  p.  197.)       Sometimes   verbs   are 
defective  through  an  inexplicable  regard  for  euphony ;   loo  and 
roo  (from  loar  and    roer)  are  avoided,  but  there  is  no  hesitation 
about  using  the  nouns  molio,  azamboo. 

2,  When  defective  on  account  of  meaning,  a  verb  will  invari- 
ably be  found  correspondingly  defective  in  all  languages ;  for, 
if    one   cannot    say,    ordinarily,"!   am  born,"   "I   graze,"    "I 
bark,"  etc.,  in  English,  neither  is  it  possible  in  French  or  Span- 
ish ;   and  as  it  may  be  possible  in  narration  in  English  to  say 
"  I  am  born,"  or  in  fables,  "I  graze,"   "  I  bark,"  so  it  is  possible 
in  other  languages. 

Impersonal  verbs  are  not  considered  defective,  because  their 
literal  meaning  prevents  their  employment  other  than  in  the 
third  person  singular. 

There  are  ten  verbs  of  the  third  conjugation  that  are  used 
only  in  the  future  indicative,  or  when  the  inflectional  endings 
consist  of  or  begin  with  i.  The  conjugation  of  one  of  them, 
abolir,  will  serve  as  a  model  for  the  other  nine. 


196  ABOLIR 


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your  honor  shou 
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ye  should  abolis] 

they  should  abol 
your  honors  shov 

ond  Form} 
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thou  abolished 
he  abolished 
your  honor  aboli 

we  abolished 
ye  abolished 
they  abolished 

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198  DEFECTIVE   VERBS 

Aplacer,  to  please,  is  seldom  used,  except  in  the  infinitive  and  in  the 
third  person  singular  and  plural  of  the  present  and  imperfect 
indicative  : 

Present  indicative,  aplace,  aplacen. 

Imperfect  indicative,       aplacia,  aplacian. 

Proverb  :    Todo  lo  nuevo  aplace. 

Ataner,  to  appertain,  on  account  of  its  meaning  can  be  employed  only 
in  the  third  persons.  It  is  used  principally  in  the  infinitive  and  in 
the  third  person  singular  and  plural  of  the  present  and  im- 
perfect indicative  : 

Present  indicative,  atane,  atanen. 

Imperfect  indicative,       atania,  atanian. 

Balbucir,  to  stammer,  is  not  used  in  the  persons  and  numbers  where 
the  irregular  verbs  of  the  fourth  class  take  z  before  c ;  viz.,  when 
c  is  followed  by  a  or  o  (see  159).  This  verb  is,  however,  used 
more  ordinarily  with  the  termination  ear  —  balbucear. 

Concernir,  to  concern,  on  account  of  its  meaning  can  be  employed 
only  in  the  present  participle  and  in  the  third  persons.  It  is  sel- 
dom used,  except  as  follows  : 

Present  indicative,  concierne,  conciernen. 
Present  subjunctive,  concierna,  conciernan. 
Imperfect  indicative,  concernia,  concernian. 

Corroer,  to  corrode,  has, 

Present  indicative,          corree,  corroen. 
Present  subjunctive,       corroa,  corroan. 

Nacer,  to  be  born,  on   account  of  its  meaning  can  hardly  be  used  in 

the   first  person  singular  present   indicative,  nor  in  the    second 

person  singular  of  the  imperative.       Still,  Alvarez  de   Cienfuegos 

»    writes  :   "Rosas,  naced"  and  the  Spanish  Academy  says  this  is  an 

expression  that  could  just  as  well  have  been  used  in  the  singular. 

Pacer,  to  graze,  is  not  used  in  the  persons  and  numbers  where 
irregular  verbs  of  the  fourth  class  take  z  before  c ;  viz.,  when  c  is 
followed  by  a  or  o  (see  §  159). 

Placer,  to  please  (impersonal  verb),  is  seldom  used  except  in  excla- 
mations, e.  g.,  plegue  a  Dies,  God  Grant ;  pluguiera  a  Dios, 
would  to  God  !  Otherwise  its  place  is  usually  taken  by  querer, 
gustar,  parecer,  to  please.  It  is  conjugated  as  follows,  preference 
being  given  to  the  stem  plug: 


DEFECTIVE   VERBS  199 

Placer,  placiendo,  placido. 

Indicative  Mood  Subjunctive  Mood 

Present,  place.  Present,  plegue  (plazca) . 

Imperfect,  placia.  Imp.,  i  st  form,  pluguiera  (placiera) . 

Past  definite,  plugo  (placio}.  Imp.,  2d  form,  pluguiese  (placiese). 

Future,  placere.  Future,  pluguiere  (placiere). 

Conditional,  placeria.  Cond.  pluguiera  or  pluguiese  (pla- 

ciera  or  placiese} . 

Imperative  Mood 
Plegue  (pie go} 

The  compounds  of  placer :  complacer,  to  humor ;  desplacer,  to  dis- 
please, both  active  verbs,  are  conjugated  throughout  like  the  irregular 
verbs  of  the  fourth  class  (see  §  159). 

Raer,  to  erase,  is  seldom  used,  its  place  being  usually  taken  by  borrar 
or  rayar.  Raer  has  the  two  stems  raig-  or  ray-  before  a  strong 
vowel ;  raig-  is  preferable.  Raer,  when  it  occurs,  should  there- 
fore be  conjugated  like  the  irregular  verb  caer,  p.  176. 

Reponer,  when  meaning  '  to  reply,'  is,  with  rare  exceptions,  used  only 
in  the  past  definite  of  the  indicative . 

Repuse,  I  replied.  Repusimos,  we  replied. 

Repusiste,  thou  didst  reply.  Repusisteis,  ye  replied. 

Repuso,  he  replied.  Repusieron,  they  replied. 

V.  Repuso,  your  honor  replied.  VV.  Repusieron,  your  honors  replied. 

Roer,  to  gnaw,  has  the  following  forms,  of  which  roo,  roa  are  prefer- 
able : 

Present  Indicative 

Roo 
Roigo, 

Royo 
roes 
roe 

V.  roe 
roemos 
roeis 
roen 
W.  roen 

Soler,  to  be  accustomed  to,  is  used  principally  in  the  present  and 
imperfect  indicative ;  and  also  sometimes  in  the  present  sub- 
junctive. 


Present  Subjunctive 

roa 

roiga 

roya 

roas 

roigas 

royas 

V. 

roa 
roa 

roiga 
V.  roiga 

roya 
V.  roya 

roamos 
roais 

roigamos 
roigdis 

royamos 
roydis 

VV. 

roan 
roan 

roigan 
VV.  roigan 

royan 
VV.  royan 

2OO  IRREGULAR    PAST    PARTICIPLES 

Present  Indicative  Imperfect  Indicative  Present  Subjunctive 


suelo 

solia 

suela 

sueles 

solias 

sue/as 

suele 

solia 

suela 

V.  suele 

V.  solia 

V.  suela 

solemos 

soliamos 

solamos 

soleis 

soliais 

solais 

suelen 

solian 

suelan 

VV.  suelen 

VV.  solian 

VV.  suelan 

Usucapir,  to  acquire  by  right  of  possession,  is  used  only  in  the  in- 
finitive. 


IRREGULAR   PAST   PARTICIPLES 

207.    i.   Past  participles  that  do  not  end   in  ado  or  ido  are 
irregular. 

2.  The  following  regular  verbs   and  their  compounds  have 
irregular  past  participles : 

Abrir,  to  open  abierto 

Cubrir,  to  cover  cubierto 

Escribir*  to  write  escrito 

Imprimir,  to  print  impreso 

3.  The  following  irregular  verbs   and  their  compounds  have 
irregular  past  participles : 

Decir,  to  tell,  to  say  die  ho  (bendecir,  maldecir,  regular) 

Hacer,  to  do,  to  make  hecho- 

Mortr,  to  die  muerto 

Poner,  to  put,  to  place  puesto 

Solver,  to  loosen  suelto 

Ver,  to  see  visto 

Volver,  to  return  vuelto 

4.  There   are   a   number  of  verbs  that    have  two   past  par- 
ticiples, one   regular,   the   other   irregular.      The   regular   par- 
ticiple  is  always  used   to   form    the   compound  tenses,    except 
in   the  verbs   freir,  prender,  proveer,  romper,  whose  irregular 


*  Inscribir  and  proscribir  also  have  inscripto  and  proscripto. 


IRREGULAR    PAST    PARTICIPLES 


201 


past  participles,  frito,  preso,  provisto  and  roto,  may  be  used  inter- 
changeably with  the  regular  forms  to  make  the  compound 
tenses ;  so  that  ha  fretdo  and  ha  frito  are  equally  correct. 

5.  With  the   exception  of  the  four   above-mentioned  verbs, 
the  irregular  past  participles  are  used  only  as  adjectives : 

agua  bendita  ;  estci  bendita  ;  but  ha  sido  bendecido. 


Verbs. 

Abstraer,  to  abstract 
Afligir,  to  afflict 
Ahitar,  to  surfeit 
A  tender,  to  heed 
Bendecir,  to  bless 
Bienquerer,  to  esteem 
Circuncidar,  to  circumcise 
Compeler,  to  compel 
Comprender,  to  comprehen 
Comprimir,  to  compress 
Concluir,  to  conclude 
Confesar,  to  confess 
Confundir,  to  confuse 
Consumir,  to  consume 
Contundir,  to  contuse 
Convencer,  to  convince 
Convertir,  to  convert 
Corregir,  to  correct 
Corromper,  to  corrupt 
Despertar,  to  awake 
Difundir,  to  diffuse 
Dividir,  to  divide 
Elegir,  to  elect 
Enjugar,  to  wipe 
Excluir,  to  exclude 
Eximir,  to  exempt 
Expeler,  to  expel 
Expresar,  to  express 
Extender,  to  extend 
Extinguir,  to  extinguish 
Fijar,  to  fix 


Regular  Past  Partic. 

Irreg  Past  Partic. 

abstraido 

abstracto 

afligido 
ahitado 

aflicto 
ahito 

atendido 

atento 

bendecido 

bendito 

bienquerido 
circuncidado 

bienquisto 
circunciso 

compelido 
/   comprendido 
comprimido 
concluido 

compulso 
comprenso 
compreso 
concluso 

confesado 

confeso 

confundido 

confuso 

consumido 

consunto 

contundido 

contuse 

convencido 

convicto 

convertido 

converse 

corregido 
corrompido 
despertado 
difundido 

correcto 
corrupto 
despierto 
difuso 

diyidido 

diviso 

elegido 
enjugado 
excluido 

electo 
enjuto 
excluso 

eximido 

exento 

expelido 
expresado 
extendido 

expulso 
expreso 
extenso 

extinguido 
fijado 

extinto 
fijo 

202 


IRREGULAR  PAST    PARTICIPLES 


Verbs. 

Freir,  to  fry 
Hartar,  to  satiate 
Incluir,  to  include 
Incurrir,  to  incur 
Infundir,  to  infuse 
Ingerir,  to  ingraft 
Injertar,  to  ingraft 
Insertar,  to  insert 
Invertir,  to  invert 
Juntar,  to  join 
Maldecir,  to  curse 
Manifestar,  to  manifest 
Marchitar,  to  fade 
Malquerer,  to  abhor 
Nacer,  to  be  born 
Omitir,  to  omit 
Oprimir,  to  oppress 
Pasar,  to  pass 
Poseer,  to  possess 
Prender,  to  take 
Presumir,  to  presume 
Pretender,  to  claim 
Propender,  to  incline 
Pro  veer,  to  provide 
Recluir,  to  seclude 
Romper,  to  break 
Salpresar,  to  season 
Salvar,  to  save 
Sepultar,  to  bury 
Soltar,  to  loosen 
Sujetar,  to  subdue 
Suprimir,  to  suppress 
Suspender,  to  suspend 
Sustituir,  to  substitute 
Tenir,  to  tinge 
Torcer,  to  twist 


Regular  Past  Partic. 

Irreg.  Past  Partic 

freido 

frito 

hartado 

harto 

incluido 

incluso 

incurrido 

incurso 

infundido 

infuso 

ingerido 

ingerto 

injertado 

injerto 

insertado 

inserto 

invertido 

inverso 

juntado 

junto 

maldecido 

maldito 

manifestado 

manifiesto 

marchitado 

marchito 

malquerido 

malquisto 

nacido 

nato 

omitido 

omiso 

oprimido 

opreso 

pasado 

paso 

poseldo 

poseso 

prendido 

preso 

presumido 

presunto 

pretendido 

pretense 

propendido 

propenso 

proveido 

provisto 

recluido 

recluso 

rompido 

roto 

salpresado 

salpreso 

salvado 

salvo 

sepultado 

sepulto 

soltado 

suelto 

sujetado 

sujeto 

suprimido 

supreso 

suspendido 

suspense 

sustituido 

sustituto 

tenido 

tinto 

torcido 

tuerto 

INDEX 


The  figures  indicate  the  page  of  the  text. 

A 

Aliquebrar,  no. 

Atestar,  no. 

Almorzar,  ill. 

Atestiguar,  47. 

Abastecer,  142. 

Alongar,  in. 

Atraer,  171. 

Abnegar,  no. 

Amanecer,  98,  IO3>  142. 

Atravesar,  no. 

Abogar,  45. 

Amoblar,  ill. 

Atribuir,  69,  107,  146. 

Abolir,  196. 

Amolar,  in. 

Atronar,  ill. 

Aborrecer,  142. 

Amollecer,  142. 

Avalentar,  no. 

Abrazarse,  91. 

Amorecer,  142. 

Avanecerse,  142. 

Abrir,  200. 

Amortecerse,  142. 

Avenir,  173. 

Absolver,  1  21. 

Amortiguar,  47. 

Aventar,  no. 

Absonar,  in. 

Amover,  121. 

Avergonzar,  III. 

Abstenerse,  87,  169. 

Andar,  107,  150. 

Averiguar,  46. 

Absterger,  55. 

Anochecer,  98,  103,  142. 

Azolar,  in. 

Abstraer,  171,  201. 

Antecoger,  55. 

Abunolar,  in. 

Antedecir,  155. 

jj 

Acaecer,  98,  142. 

Anteponer,  163. 

Acertar,  no. 

Ant  ever,  191. 

Balbucir,  198. 

Aclocar,  in. 

Antiguar,  47. 

Bastar,  98. 

Acoger,  55. 

Apacentar,  no. 

Bendecir,  155,  201. 

Acollar,  in. 

Apaciguar,  47. 

Bienquerer,  165,  201. 

Acontecer,  98,  142. 

Aparecer,  142. 

Blanquecer,  142. 

Acordar,  ill. 

Apernar,  no. 

Bregar,  no. 

Acornar,  ill. 

Apercollar,  ill. 

Brunir,  64. 

Acostar,  in. 

Apetecer,  142. 

Bullir,  63. 

Acrecentar,  no. 

Aplacer,  198. 

Acrecer,  142. 

Aplicar,  43. 

p 

Adecentar,  no. 

Apostar,  in. 

\-/ 

Adestrar,  no. 

Apretar,  no. 

Caber,  107,  152. 

Adherir,  129. 

-ar,  14,  22,  24. 

Caer,  107,  176. 

Adolecer,  142. 

Aprobar,  in. 

Calentar,  no. 

Adormecer,  142. 

Argiiir,  69,  107,  148. 

Calzar,  49. 

Adormir,  135. 

Arrecirse,  197. 

Cambiar,  71,  note. 

Adquirir,  132. 

Arrendar,  no. 

Canecer,  142. 

Aducir,  157. 

Arrepentirse,  87,  129. 

-car,  40,  42. 

Advertir,  129. 

Ascender,  119. 

Carecer,  142. 

Afligir,  57,  201. 

Asentar,  no. 

Cargar,  45. 

Afollar,  in. 

Asentir,  129. 

Cegar,  no. 

Aforar,  in. 

Aserrar,  no. 

Cenir,  137. 

Agorar,  ill. 

Asir,  107,  174. 

•cer,  41. 

Agradecer,  142. 

Asolar,  III. 

Cerner,  119,  127. 

Aguar,  47. 

Asoldar,  in. 

Cerrar,  no. 

Aguerrir,  19. 

Asonar,  ill. 

Cimentar,  no. 

Ahitar,  201. 

Asosegar,  no. 

-cir,  41,  52. 

Ahogar,  45. 

Ataner,  67,  198. 

Circuir,  147. 

Alborear,  98. 

Atender,  119,  201. 

Circuncidar,  201. 

Alcanzar,  49. 

Atenerse,  169. 

Clarecer,  142. 

Alebrarse,  no. 

Atentar,  no. 

Clocar,  in. 

Alegrarse,  86,  88,  89. 

Aterirse,  197. 

Cocer,  124,  141. 

Alentar,  no. 

Aterrar,  no. 

Coger,  54. 

203 


204 


INDEX 


Colar,  in. 
Colegir,  57,  137. 
Colgar,  in. 
Comedir,  137. 
Comentar,  no. 
Comenzar,  no. 
Comer,  36. 
Compadecer,  142. 
Cornparecer,  142. 
Compeler,  201. 
Compensar,  109. 
Competir,  137. 
Complacer,  142. 
Componer,  163. 
Comprender,  201. 
Comprimir,  201. 
Comprobar,  in. 
Concebir,  137. 
Concerner,  127. 
Concernir,  127,  198. 
Concertar,  no. 
Concluir,  147,  201. 
Concordar,  in. 
Condescender,  119. 
Condistinguir,  61. 
Condolerse,  121. 
Conducir,  157. 
Conferir,  129. 
Confesar,  no,  201. 
Confiar,  71. 
Confluir,  147. 
Confundir,  201. 
Conmover,  121. 
Conocer,  106,  140. 
Conseguir,  137. 
Consentir,  129. 
Consolar,  in. 
Consonar,  in. 
Constar,  98. 
Constituir,  147. 
Constrenir,   137. 
Construir,  147. 
Consumir,  201. 
Contar,  in. 
Contener,  169. 
Contentar,  no. 
Contenter,  119. 
Continuar,  70. 
Contorcerse,  1 21. 
Contracordar,  in. 
Contradecir,  155. 
Contraer,  171. 
Contrahacer,  159. 
Contraponer,  163. 
Contravenir,  173. 
Contribuir,  147. 
Controvertir,  129. 
Contundir,  201. 
Convalecer,  142. 


Convencer,  201. 
Convenir,  98,  173. 
Convertir,  129,  201. 
Corregir,  57,  137,  201. 
Corroer,  198. 
Corromper,  20 1. 
Costar,  in. 
Crecer,  142. 
Creer,  68. 
Criar,  71. 
Cubrir,  200. 

D 

Bar,  107,  178. 
Decaer,  177. 
Decentar,  no. 
Decir,  107,  141,  154,  200. 
Decrecer,  142. 
Dedicar,  43. 
Deducir,  157. 
Defenecer,  142. 
Defender,  119. 
Deferir,  129. 
Degollar,  ill. 
Delinquir,  58. 
Dementar,  no. 
Demoler,  121. 
Demostrar,  ill. 
Denegar,  no. 
Denegrecer,  142. 
Denostar,  in. 
Dentar,  no. 
Deponer,  163. 
Derrenegar,  iio. 
Derrengar,  no. 
Derretir,  137. 
Derrocar,  in. 
Derruir,  147. 
Desabastecer,  142. 
Desacertar,  no. 
Desacollar,  ill. 
Desacordar,  in. 
Desadormecer,  142. 
Desadvertir,  129. 
Desaferrar,  no. 
Desaforar,  in. 
Desagradecer,  142. 
Desalentar,  no. 
Desamoblar,  ill. 
Desandar,  151. 
Desaparecer,  142. 
Desapretar,  iio. 
Desaprobar,  ill. 
Desarrendar,  no. 
Desasentar,  no. 
Desasir,  175. 
Desasosegar,  no. 
Desatender,  119. 


Desatentar,  no. 
Desaterrar,  no. 
Desatraer,  171. 
Desatravesar,  no. 
Desavenir,  173. 
Desaventar,  no. 
Desbastecer,  142. 
Desbravecer,  142. 
Descabezar,  49. 
Descaecer,  142. 
Descender,  119. 
Descenir,  137. 
Descolgar,  in. 
Descollar,  in. 
Descomedirse,  137. 
Descomponer,  163. 
Desconcertar,  iio. 
Desconocer,  142. 
Desconsentir,  129. 
Desconsolar,  in. 
Descontar,  in. 
Desconvenir,  173. 
Descordar,  in. 
Descornar,  in. 
Descrecer,  142. 
Desdar,  179. 
Desdecir,  155. 
Desdentar,  no. 
Deserqbebecerse,  142. 
Desembellecer,  142. 
Desembravecer,  142. 
Desempedrar,  1 10. 
Desempobrecer,  142. 
Desencarecer,  142. 
Desencerrar,  no. 
Desencordar,  in. 
Desencrudecer,  142. 
Desencruelecer,  142. 
Desenfurecerse,  142. 
Desengrosar,  in. 
Desenmohecer,  142. 
Desenmudecer,  142. 
Desensoberbecer,  142. 
Desentenderse,  119. 
Desenterrar,  no. 
Desentorpecer,  142. 
Desentristecer,  142. 
Desentumecer,  142. 
Desenvolver,  121. 
Deservir,  137. 
Desfallecer,  142. 
Desfavorecer,  142. 
Desferrar,  no. 
Desflaquecerse,  142. 
Desflocar,  ill. 
Desflorecer,  142. 
Desfortalecer,  142. 
Desgobernar,  no. 
Desguarnecer,  142. 


INDEX. 


205 


Deshacer,  159. 
Deshelar,  98,  1 10. 
Desherbar,  no. 
Desherrar,  no. 
Deshombrecerse,  142. 
Deshumedecer,  142. 
Desimponer,  163. 
Desinvernar,  no. 
Desleir,  139. 
Deslendrar,  no. 
Deslucir,  145. 
Desmajolar,  in. 
Desmarrirse,  197. 
Desmedirse,  137. 
Desmelar,  1 10. 
Desmembrar,  no. 
Desmenguar,  47. 
Desmentir,  129. 
Desmerecer,  142. 
Desmullir,  63. 
Desnegar,  no. 
Desnevar,  1 10. 
Desobedecer,  142. 
Desobstruir,  147. 
Desoir,  185. 
Desolar,  in. 
Desoldar,  in. 
Desollar,  in. 
Desosar,  in,  123. 
Desovar,  in,  123. 
Desparecer,  142. 
Despavorir,  197. 
Despedir,  137. 
Despedrar,  no. 
Desperecer,  142. 
Despernar,  no. 
Despertar,  no,  201. 
Despezar,  no. 
Desplacer,  142. 
Desplegar,  no. 
Despoblar,  in. 
Desproveer,  69. 
Destentar,  no. 
Destenir,  137. 
Desterrar,  no. 
Destituir,  147. 
Destorcer,  51,  121. 
Destrizar,  49. 
Destrocar,  ill. 
Destruir,  147. 
Desuncir,  53. 
Desvanecer,  142. 
Desventar,  no. 
Desverdecer,  142. 
Desvergonzarse,  in. 
Desvolver,  121. 
Detener,  169. 
Detentar,  no. 
Detraer,  171. 


Devolver,  121. 
Dezmar,  Iio. 
Diferir,  129. 
Difluir,  147. 
Difundir,  201. 
Digerir,  129. 
Diluir,  147. 
Dirigir,  56. 
Discerner,  119,  127, 
Discernir,  126. 
Disconvenir,  173. 
Discordar,  in. 
Disentir,  129. 
Disminuir,  147. 
Disolver,  121. 
Disonar,  ill. 
Dispertar,  no. 
Displacer,  142. 
Disponer,  163. 
Distender,  119. 
Distinguir,  60. 
Distraer,  171. 
Distribuir,  147. 
Divertir,  129. 
Dividir,  201. 
Dolar,  ill. 
Doler,  121. 
Dormir,  135. 
Ducir,  157. 


Educir,  157. 
-eer,  41,  68. 
Efectuar,  71. 

Elegiri.i7.?.  *  3  7»  2,p  i. 
Embair,  197." 
Embarbecer,  142. 
Embarcar,  43. 
Embastecer,  142. 
Embebecer,  142. 
Embellecer,  142. 
Embermejecer,  142. 
Embestir,  137. 
Emblandecer,  142. 
Emblanquecer,  142. 
Embobecer,  142. 
Embosquecer,  142. 
Embravecer,  142. 
Embrutecer,  142. 
Emparentar,  1 10. 
Empecer,  141. 
Empedernir,  197. 
Empedrar,  iio. 
Empellar,  no. 
Empequenecer,  142. 
Empezar,  iio. 
Emplastecer,  142. 
Emplumecer,  142. 


Empobrecer,  142. 
Empodrecer,  142. 
Empoltronecerse,  142. 
Emporcar,  1 1 1 . 
Enaltecer,  142. 
Enardecer,  142. 
Encabellecerse,  142. 
Encalvecer,  142. 
Encallecer,  142. 
Encandecer,  142. 
Encanecer,  142. 
Encarecer,  142. 
Encarnecer,  142. 
Encender,  119. 
Encentar,  no. 
Encerrar,  no. 
Enclocar,  in. 
Encloquecer,  142. 
Encomendar,  no. 
Encontrar,  in. 
Encorar,  in. 
Encordar,  in. 
Encorecer,  142. 
Encornar,  in. 
Encovar,  in. 
Encrudeeer,  142. 
Encfuelecer,  142. 
Encubertar,  no. 
Endentar,  no. 
Endentecer,  142. 
Endurecer,  142. 
Enfierecerse,  142. 
Enflaquecer,  142. 
Enfranquecer,  142. 
Enfurecer,  142. 
Engorar,  III. 
Engrandecer,  142. 
Engrei'r,  139. 
Engrosar,  ill. 
Engrumecerse,  142. 
Engullir,  63. 
Enhambrecer,  142. 
Enhambrentar,  no. 
Enhestar,  no. 
Enjugar,  201. 
Enlazar,  49.  .. 
Enlenzar,  iio. 
Enloquecer,  142. 
Enlucir,  145. 
Enllentecer,  142. 
Enmagrecer,  142. 
Enmalecer,  142. 
Enmarillecerse,  142. 
Enmelar,  1 10. 
Enmendar,  no. 
Enmohecer,  142. 
Enmollecer,  142. 
Enmudeoer,  142. 
Ennegrecer,  142. 


206 


INDEX. 


Ennoblecer,  142. 
Ennudecer,  142. 
Enorgullecer,  142. 
Enrarecer,  142. 
Enriquecer,  142. 
Enrobustecer,  142. 
Enrodar,  in. 
Enrojecer,  142. 
Enroquecer,  142. 
Enronecer,  142. 
Enruinecerse,  142. 
Ensalmorar,  in. 
Ensandecer,  142. 
Ensangrentar,  1 10. 
Ensoberbecer,  142. 
Ensofiar,  in. 
Ensordecer,  142. 
Entallecer,  142. 
Entender,  119. 
Entenebrecer,  142. 
Enternecer,  142. 
Enterrar,  no. 
Entigrecerse,  142. 
Entontecerse,  142. 
Entorpecer,  142. 
Entorlar,  in. 
Entredecir,  155. 
Entregar,  45. 
Entregerir,  129. 
Entrelucir,  145. 
Entremorir,  135. 
Entreoir,  185. 
Entreparecerse,  142. 
Entrepernar,  no. 
Entreponer,  163. 
Entretener,  169. 
Entrever,  191. 
Entristecer,  142. 
Entullecer,  142. 
Entumecer,  143. 
Envejecer,  143. 
Enverdecer,  143. 
Envestir,  137. 
Enviar,  71. 
Envilecer,  143. 
Envolver,  121. 
Enzurdecer,  143. 
-er,  14,  22,  36. 
Equivaler,   189. 
Erigir,  57. 
Erguir,  130. 
Errar,  112. 
Escandecer,  143. 
Escarmentar,  no. 
Escarnecer,  143. 
Esclarecer,  143. 
Escocer,  125,  141. 
Escoger,  55. 
Escolar,  m. 


Escribir,  200. 

-guar,  40,  46. 

Esforzar,  in. 

Guanir,  65. 

Esparcir,  52. 

Guarecer,  143. 

Establecer,  143. 

Guarnecer,  143. 

Estar,  72,  93,  98,  107. 

Guiar,  71. 

Estar  comiendo,  74. 

-guir,  41,  60. 

Estatuir,  147. 

-giiir,  148. 

Estregar,  no. 

Estremecer,  143. 

Estrenir,  137. 

Estudiar,  71,  note. 

Haber,  20,  98,  99,  107,  169. 

Evanecer,  143. 

Hablar,  24,  28,  30,  32,  34. 

Exceptuar,  71. 

Hacendar,  no. 

Excluir,  147,  201. 

Hacer,  98,    107,   141,   158, 

Exigir,  57. 

200. 

Eximir,  201. 

I  Tartar,  202. 

Expedir,  137. 

Heder,  119. 

Expeler,  201. 

Helar,  98,  no. 

Expiar,  71. 

Henchir,  41,  67,  137. 

Exponer,  163. 

Hender,  119. 

Expresar,  201. 

Henir,  137. 

Extender,  119,  201. 

Herbar,  no. 

Extinguir,  61,  201. 

Herbecer,  143. 

Extraer,  171. 

Herir,  129. 

Herrar,  no. 

F- 

Hervir,  124,  129. 

Holgar,  in. 

Fabricar,  43. 

Hollar,  in. 

Fallecer,  143. 

Huir,  147. 

Favorecer,  143. 

Humedecer,  143. 

Fenecer,  143. 

Ferrar,  no. 

Fijar,  201. 

I 

Florecer,  143. 

-iar,  41. 

Fluir,  147. 

Imbuir,  147. 

Foliar,  in. 

Impedir,  137. 

Fortalecer,  143. 

Imponer,  163. 

Fortificar,  43. 

Importar,  98. 

Forzar,  in. 

Imprimir,  200. 

Fraguar,  47. 

Improbar,  ill. 

Fregar,  no. 

Incensar,  no. 

Frei'r,  139,  200,  202. 

Incluir,  147,  202. 

Fruncir,  53. 

Incurrir,  202. 

Indisponer,  163. 

Inducir,  157. 

Inferir,  129. 

Qanzuar,  71. 

Infernar,  no. 

Ganir.  65. 

Influir,  147. 

-gar,  40,  44. 

Infundir,  202. 

Garantir,  197. 

Ingerir,  129,  202. 

Gemecer,  143. 

Inhestar,  no. 

Gemir,  137. 

Injertar,  202. 

-ger,  41,  54. 

Inquirir,  133. 

-gir,  41,  56. 

Inseguir,  137. 

Gobernar,  no. 

Inscribir,  200. 

Gozar,  49. 

Insertar,  202. 

Granizar,  98,  100. 

Instituir,  147. 

Gruir,  147. 

Instruir,  147. 

Grunir,  65, 

Intentar,  no. 

INDEX 


207 


Interdecir,  155. 

Mentir,  129. 

Interponer,  163. 

Merecer,  143. 

Intervenir,  173. 

Merendar,  no. 

Introducir,  157. 

Moblar,  ill. 

Invernar,  1  10. 

Mohecer,  143. 

Invertir,  129,  202. 

Moler,  121. 

Investir,  137. 

Morder,  121. 

-ir,  14,  22,  38. 

Morir,  106,  134,  200. 

Ir,  107,  151,  180. 

Mostrar,  in. 

Irregular  Verbs,  Table  of, 

Mover,  105,  1  20. 

194. 

Muir,  147. 

Irse,  182. 

Mullir,  62. 

Munir,  65. 

J 

Jimenzar,  no. 

N 

Jugar,  1  1  6. 

Nacer,  143,  198,  2O2. 

Juntar,  202. 

Navegar,  45. 

Justin"  car,  43. 

Negar,  no. 

Juzgar,  45. 

Negrecer,  143. 

Nevar,  98,  101,  no. 

L 

Languidecer,  143. 

N 

Lanzar,  48. 

-ner,  41,  66. 

Lavarse,  80,  82. 

-fiir,  41. 

Leer,  69. 

( 

Leerse,  85. 

o 

Ligar,  45. 

w 

Limpiar,  71,  note. 

Obedecer,  143. 

Lique  facer,  159. 

Obstruir,  147. 

Lobreguecer,  143. 

Obtener,  169. 

Lucir,  1  06,  144. 

Ofrecer,  143. 

Luir,  1  06,  147. 

Oir,  107,  184. 

Oler,  122. 

Omitir,  202. 

Oponer,  163. 

Llegar,  45. 

Oprimir,  202. 

-llir,  41,  62. 

Oscurecer,  143. 

Llover,  98,  100,  121. 

Lloviznar,  98. 

P 

Pacer,  143,  198. 

Padecer,  143. 

Maldecir,  155,  202. 

Pagar,  44. 

Malherir,  129. 

Palidecer,  143. 

Malquerer,  165,  202. 

Parecer,  143. 

Malsonar,  in. 

Pasar,  202. 

Maltraer,  171. 

Pecar,  43. 

Mancornar,  ill. 

Pedir,  137. 

Manifestar,  no,  202. 

Pegar,  45. 

Manir,  197. 

Pensar,  105,  108. 

Mantener,  169. 

Perder,  105,  118. 

Marchitar,  202. 

Perecer,  143. 

Mecer,  141. 

Permanecer,  143. 

Medir,  137. 

Permitirse,  84. 

Melar,  no. 

Perniquebrar,  no. 

Menguar,  47. 

Perseguir,  61,  137. 

Mentar,  no. 

Pertenecer,  143. 

Pervertir,  129. 
Picar,  43. 
Pimpollecer,  1*3. 
Placer,  198. 
Planir,  65. 
Plastecer,  143. 
Plegar,  no. 
Poblar,   in. 
Poder,  107, 
Podrecer,  143. 
Podrir,  135. 
Poner,  107,  162,  200. 
Poseer,  69,  202. 
Posponer,  163. 
Preconocer,  143. 
Predecir,  155. 
Predisponer,  163. 
Preferir,  129. 
Prelucir,  145. 
Premorir,  135. 
Prender,  200,  202. 
Preponer,  163. 
Presentir,  129. 
Presumir,  202. 
Presuponer,  163. 
Pretender,  1 19,  202. 
Prevalecer,  143. 
Prevaler,  189. 
Prevenir,  173. 
Prever,  191. 
Probar,  in. 
Producir,  157. 
Proferir,  129. 
Profetizar,  49. 
Pro  mover,  121. 
Propender,  202. 
Proponer,  163. 
Proscribir,  200. 
Proseguir,  61,  137. 
Prostituir,  147. 
Proteger,  55. 
Proveer,  69,  200,  202. 
Provenir,  173. 
Pudrir,  135. 


Quebrar,  no. 
Querer,  107,  164. 
-quir,  41,  58. 


Raer,  199. 
Rarefacer,  159. 
Reagradecer,  143. 
Reaparecer,  143. 
Reapretar,  no. 
Reaventar,  110. 


208 


INDEX 


Rebendecir,  155. 

Remorder,  121. 

Reblandecer,  143. 

Remover,  121. 

Recaer,  177. 

Remullir,  63. 

Recalentar,  no. 

Renacer,  143. 

Recentar,  no. 

Rendir,  137. 

Recenir,  137. 

Renegar,  no. 

Recluir,  147,  202. 

Renir,  137. 

Recocer,  125,  141. 

Repacer,  143. 

Recoger,  55. 

Repadecer,  143. 

Recolar,  in. 

Repedir,  137. 

Recolegir,  137. 

Repensar,  no. 

Recomendar,  no. 

Repetir,  137. 

Recompensar,  109. 

Replegar,  no. 

Recomponer,  163. 

Repoblar,  in. 

Reconducir,  157. 

Repodrir,  135. 

Reconocer,  143. 

Reponer,  163,  199. 

Reconstruir,  147. 

Reprobar,  in. 

Recontar,  in. 

Reproducir,  157. 

Reconvalecer,  143. 

Repudrir,  135. 

Reconvenir,  173. 

Requebrar,  no. 

Recordar,  ill. 

Requerer,  165. 

Recostar,  ill. 

Requerir,  129. 

Recrecer,  143. 

Resaber,  167. 

Recrudecer,  143. 

Resalir,  187. 

Redargiiir,  149. 

Resarcir,  53. 

Redoler,  121. 

Resegar,  no. 

Reducir,  157. 

Resembrar,  no. 

Reelegir,  137. 

Resentirse,  129. 

Reencomendar,  no. 

Resolve  r,  121,  200. 

Referir,  129. 

Resollar,  in. 

Reflorecer,  143. 

Resonar,  in. 

Refluir,  147. 

Resplandecer,  143. 

Reforzar,  in. 

Resquebrar,  no. 

Refregar,  no. 
Refrei'r,  139. 

Restablecer,  143. 
Restregar,  no. 

Reganir,  65. 

Restituir,  147. 

Regar,  no. 

Restrinir,  65. 

Regimentar,  1  10. 

Retallecer,  143. 

Regir,  57,  137. 

Ketemblar,  no. 

Regoldar,  ill. 

Retener,  169. 

Regrunir,  65. 

Retentar,  no. 

Rehacer,  159. 

Retenir,  137. 

Rehenchir,  41,  67,  137. 

Retinir,  65. 

Reherir,  129. 

Retonecer,  143. 

Reherrar,  no. 

Retorcer,  51,  121. 

Rehervir,  129. 

Retostar,  in. 

Rehollar,  ill. 

Retraer,  171. 

Rehuir,  147. 

Retribuir,  147. 

Rehumedecer,  143. 

Retronar,  in. 

Rei'r,  138. 

Retrotraer,  171. 

Rejuvenecer,  143. 

Revejecer,  143. 

Relampaguear,  98,  102. 

Revenirse,  173. 

Relentecer,  143. 

Reventar,  no. 

Relucir,  145. 

Rever,  191,. 

Remediar,  71,  note. 

Reverdecer,  119. 

Remendar,  no. 

Reverter,  119. 

Rementir,  129. 

Revestir,  137. 

Remolar,  ill. 

Revolar,  in. 

Remoler,  121. 

Revolcarse,  in. 

Revolver,  121. 
Rezar,  49. 
Rivalizar,  49. 
Robustecer,  143. 
Rodar,  in. 
Roer,  199. 
Rogar,  in. 
Romper,  200,  202. 
Rugir,  57. 

S 

Saber,  107,  166. 
Sacar,  42. 
Salir,  107,  1 86. 
Salpimentar,  no. 
Salpresar,  202. 
Salpullir,  63. 
Salvar,  202. 
Santiguar,  47. 
Sarmentar,  no. 
Sarpullir,  63. 
Satisfacer,  159. 
Segar,  no. 
Seguir,  61,  137. 
Sembrar,  no. 
Sementar,  no. 
Sentar,  no. 
Sentir,  106,  128. 
Sepultar,  202. 
Ser,  73,  92,  98,  107. 
Ser  amado,  94. 
Serrar,  1 10. 
Servir,  106,  136 
Simenzar,  1 10. 
Sobreaguar,  47. 
Sobrecrecer,  143. 
Sobrentender,  119. 
Sobreponer,  163. 
Sobresalir,  187. 
Sobresembrar,  no. 
Sobresolar,  ill. 
Sobrevenir,  173. 
Sobreventar,  no. 
Sobreverterse,  119. 
Sobrevestir,  129. 
Sofreir,  139. 
Solar,  in. 
Soldar,  ill. 
Soler,  199. 
Soltar,  in,  202. 
Solver,  121,  200. 
Sollar,  in. 
Somover,  121. 
Sonar,  105,  114. 
Sonrei'r,  139. 
Sonrodarse,  ill. 
Sonar,  in. 
Sorregar,  110. 


INDEX 


209 


Sosegar,  no. 

Tocar,  43. 

Sostener,  169. 

Torcer,  51,  121,  202. 

Soterrar,  no. 

Tostar,  in. 

Subarrendar,  110. 

Traducir,  107,  156. 

Subdistinguir,  61. 

Traer  107,  170. 

Subentender,  119. 

Trascender,  119. 

Subseguir,  137. 

Trascolar,  in. 

Subtender,  119. 

Trascordarse  ,  ill. 

Subvenir,  173. 

Trasegar,  no. 

Subvertir,  129. 

Trasferir,  129. 

Suceder,  98. 

Trasfregar,  no. 

Sugerir,  129. 

Traslucirse,  145 

Sujetar,  202. 

Trasofr,  185. 

Superponer,  163. 

Trasonar,  in. 

Supervenir,  173. 

Trasponer,  163. 

Suplicar,  43. 

Trastrocar,  in. 

Suponer,  163. 

Trasverter,  119. 

Suprimir,  202. 

Trasvolar,  ill. 

Surgir,  57. 

Travesar,  no. 

Suspender,  202. 

Trocar,  in. 

Sustituir,  147,  202. 

Tronar,  98,  ill. 

Sustraer,  171. 

Tropezar,  no, 

Tullir,  63. 

T 

Tumefacerse,  159. 

Table  of  irregular  verbs,  194 

Tallecer,  143. 

Taner,  66. 

Teger,  55. 

-uar,  41,  70. 

Temblar,  1  10. 

-uir,  41,  146. 

Tender,  119. 

Uncir,  53. 

Tener,  107,  1  68. 

Urgir,  57. 

Tentar,  no. 

Usucapir,  200. 

Tenir,  137,  202. 

Utilizar,  49. 

Vaciar,  71. 
Vagar,  45. 
Valer,  107,  188. 
Variar,  71. 
Veneer,  50. 
Venir,  107,  172. 
Ventar,  no. 
Ventear,  98. 


Verbs,  Irregular,  Table  of, 

194. 

Verdecer,  143. 
Verter,  119.  ^ 

Vestir,  137. 
Vivir,  38. 
Volar,  in. 
Volcar,  in. 
Volver,  121,  200. 


Yacer,  107,  141,  192. 
Yog  uir,  61. 
Yuxtaponer,  163. 


Zabullir,  63. 
Zaherir,  129. 
Zambullir,  63. 
-zar,  40,  48. 
Zurcir,  53. 


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who  believe  that  the  teaching  of  German  literature  should 
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works  themselves  more  than  with  a  critical  study  of  what 
has  been  said  about  the  works.  With  this  aim  the  author 
gives  a  survey  of  the  language  and  literature  at  its  most 
important  epochs,  selecting  for  detailed  study  the  chief 
works  of  each  period  and  writer.  A  summary  of  the  con- 
tents of  each  work  so  treated  is  given,  generally  illustrated 
by  a  quotation  from  the  work. 

The  simplicity  of  the  treatment  and  language  fits  this 
work  for  younger  students  as  well  as  for  those  of  more 
advanced  grades. 

Copies  of  any  of  the  above  books  will  be  sent  prepaid  to  any  address, 
on  receipt  of  the  price,  by  the  Publishers  : 

American   Book  Company 

New  York  »  Cincinnati  »  Chicago 

(70) 


Germania  Texts 

Edited  by  A.  W.  SPANHOOFD 


These  Texts  include  important  and  interesting  chapters 
from  the  works  of  the  best  German  authors,  and  are  in- 
tended for  advanced  students  in  Academies,  Colleges, 
Universities,  and  German-American  schools,  who  wish  to 
make  a  thorough  study  of  German  Literature.  They  are 
issued  in  pamphlet  form  at  a  uniform  price  of  ten  cents. 

The  series  embraces  the  following  works  : 

1       Burgers  Lenore.      With  Sketch  of  Burger's  Life  and  Works  and 
Extracts  from  ERICH  SCHMIDT'S  celebrated  essay. 

2.  Vergleichung  Goethes  und   Schillers  ; 

Lessings  und  Herders.     G.  G.  GERVINUS. 

3.  Klopstocks  Bedeutung  fur  sein  Zeitalter.     C.  L.  CHOLEVIUS. 

4.  Reineke  Fuchs.     H.  KURZ. 

5.  Die  Kronung  Josefs  II.     GOETHE.    With  Notes. 

6.  Lessings  Dramaturgic.     G.  G.  GERVINUS. 

Lessings   Minna  von  Barnhelm.     H.   KURZ. 

7.  Meier  Helmbrecht.     Dr.  H.  KHULL. 

8.  Wieland.     From  GOETHE'S  Gedachtnisrede. 

9.  Wielands  Oberon.     H.  KURZ. 

10.  Schiller's  Lied  von  der  Glocke.    With  Notes.    A.  W.  Spanhoofd. 

11.  Matthias  Claudius  als  Volksdichter.     W.  HERBST. 

12;     Schiller's  Kraniche  des  Ibykus  and  Eleusische  Fest.    With  Notes. 
'      A.  W.  Spanhoofd. 


Copies  of  any  of  the  Germania  Texts  will  be  sent  prepaid  to  any  address^ 
on  receipt  of  the  price  (10  cents)  by  the  Publishers' 

American   Book  Company 

NEW  YORK  «•  CINCINNATI  *  CHICAGO 

(72; 


Popular  Text-Books   in   German 

By  Dr.  WILHELM  BERNHARDT 

Late  Director  of  German  Instruction  in  Washington  City  High  Schools 


DEUTSCHES  SPRAC.H-  UNO  LESEBUCH 

Part  I.,  Cloth,  1 2mo,  258  pages $1-10 

Part  II.,  Cloth,  1 2m o,  300  pages 1.10 

Revised  Edition,  including  material  for  German  Prose  Composition, 

tables  of  Declensions  and  Conjugations,  Suggestions  to  Teachers,  etc. 

GERMAN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY 

Cloth,  i2mo,  118  pages 75  cents 

A  complete  vocabulary  to  the  Deutsches  Sprach-  und  Lesebuch. 

HAUPTFATKA    AUS     DER     GESCHICHTE     DER     DEUTSCHEN     LIT- 
TERATUR.     Cloth,  I2mo,  103  pages  .         .         .         .          75  cents 
A  brief  comparative  outline  of  German  Literature. 

IM  ZWIELICHT.     Vol.  I.  First  Readings  in  German  Prose.     Vol.  II. 
Intermediate  Readings  in  German  Prose. 

Cloth,  I2rno.     Per  volume  .         .         .         .         .          65  cents 

Short  stories  from  Rudolf  Baumbach's  Marchen  and  Erzahlungen. 

FREUDVOLL  UND  LEIDVOLL 

Cloth,  I2mo,  125  pages.     With  Notes          ...         65  cents 
A   collection   of   stories    from    Peschkau,  von   Wildenbruch,   Stokl, 
Seidel,  von  Goetzendorff-Grabowski,  and  Baumbach. 

ES  WAR  EINMAL 

Cloth,  i2mo,  174  pages        ......         65  cents 

Modern  fairy  tales  from  the  writings  of  Baumbach  and  Wildenbruch. 

SEIDEL'S   LEBERECHT  HUHNCHEN   UND  ANDERE   SONDERLINGE 
Boards,  I2mo,  72  pages.     With  vocabulary          .          .          30  cents 

SCHILLER'S  GUSTAV  ADOLF  IN   DEUTSCHLAND 

Boards,  I2mo,  144  pages.     With  vocabulary        .         .         45  cents 

DAS    MADCHEN    VON    TREPPI,    and    MARION.      Two    Novelettes   by 
PAUL  HEYSE.     Boards,  i2mo,  96  pages      ...         30  cents 


Copies  of  any  of  these  books   -will  be  sent,  prepaid,  to  any  address  on 
receipt  of  the  price  by  the  Publishers  : 

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NEW  YORK  »  CINCINNATI  »  CHICAGO 


German 


A   Brief  German   Grammar.    WITH  EXERCISES. 

By  HJALMAR  EDGREN,  Ph.D.,  and  LAURENCE  FOSSLER,  A.M., 

of  the  University  of  Nebraska. 

Linen,  I2mo,  181  pages         .         .         .  .      Price,  75  cents 

This  brief  Grammar  is  designed  for  high  school  and 
college  students,  or  students  of  equivalent  training.  It 
aims  to  prepare  the  way  for  critical  reading  and  for 
practice  in  writing  and  speaking  the  language,  on  the  basis 
of  a  systematic  knowledge  of  the  essentials  of  German 
grammar  and  syntax  and  the  elements  of  a  German  vocab- 
ulary rationally  acquired. 

The  presentation  is  thorough,  scientific,  and  practical, 
arid  will  give  the  beginner  a  firm  and  intelligent  grasp  of 
the  language  at  the  earliest  practicable  moment;  Following 
the  grammar  is  a  series  of  carefully  graded  exercises, 
sufficient  to  furnish  all  the  practice  needed  in  reading  and 
writing  German  until  the  grammatical  study  is  completed. 
Special  attention  is  given  throughout  the  book  to  the 
important  subject  of  derivations  with  particular  reference 
to  the  etymological  relations  of  German  and  English 
words.  Other  special  features  of  the  book  are  the  refer- 
ence lists  of  all  simple  verbs  deviating  from  the  new  or 
regular  conjugations  and  the  treatment  of  derivatives, 
sound  correspondences,  formative  elements,  etc.  The  book 
is  made  serviceable  for  the  student  by  a  well  selected 
English-German  vocabulary  and  a  very  complete  index. 


Copies  of  Edgren  and  Fosslers  German  Grammar  will  be  sent,  prepaid, 
to  any  address  on  receipt  of  the  price  by  the  Publishers  : 

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Modern   French   Texts 


Comprising  Selected  Stories  and  Readings,  carefully 
edited  and  accompanied  by  adequate  explanatory  notes 
and  vocabularies.  They  are  designed  to  be  used  in  con- 
nection with  the  study  of  French,  and  as  an  introduction 
to  general  French  Literature.  The  series  includes; 

Contes  et   Legendes 

By  H.  A.  GUERBER,  author  of  Myths  of  Greece  and  Rome,  etc. 

Part    I — Linen,  I2mo,  183  pages          ...         60  cents 
Part  II — Linen,  I2mo,  192  pages          ...         60  cents 
A  collection  of  Fairy  Tales  and  Legends  told  in  such  a  pleasing  way 
as  to  awaken  the  deepest  interest  and  induce  pupils  to  read  to  the  end. 

Mairet's   La  Tache  du   Petit   Pierre 

Arranged  for  Reading  Classes  by  Edith  Healy. 

Boards,  I2mo,  140  pages     ......         35  cents 

This  charming  story  appeared  in  1887,  and  its  immediate  success 

was  so  great  that  it  received  the   honor  of  coronation  by  the  French 

Academy. 

Nodier's   Le  Chien  du   Brisquet,.  and  Other  Stories 

Edited  for  School  Use  by  L.  C.  Syms,  author  of  First,  Second,  and 

Third  Years  in  French.    Boards,  I2mo,  in  pages         35  cents 

A  selection  of  popular  French  stories  by  well-known  authors,  suitable 

for  use  in  the  second  or  third  year  of  the  French  course. 

L'Abbe   Constantin 

A  Comedy  in   Three  Acts    by  HECTOR   CREMIEUX   and   PIERRE 
DECOURCELLE.    Adapted  from  the  romance  of  Ludovic  Halevy. 
Edited  for  school   use  by  Victor  E.  Fran£ois,  Instructor  in 
French   in   the  University  of  Michigan. 
Boards,  i2mo,  HI  pages 35  cents 

Dix  Contes   Nouveaux 

Edited,  with  Notes  and  Vocabulary,  by  C.  FONTAINE,  Director  of 

French  and   Spanish  Instruction  in  Washington,  D.  C.,  High 

Schools.     Boards,  I2mo  168  pages      ...         45  cents 

A  collection  of  selected  tales  from  the  writings  of  Theuriet,  Blacke, 

Halevy,    Rameau,    Chotel,  Veron,    Cheneviere,    France,    Coppee,    and 

Arene. 

Racine's   Iphigenie 

Edited  by  Benjamin  Duryea  Woodward,  B.  £s  L.,  Ph.D.,  of  the 
Department  of  Romance  Languages  and  Literatures  in  Columbia 
University.  Cloth,  I2mo,  198  pages  ...  60  cents 


Copies  of  the  Modern  French  Texts  will  be  sent  prepaid  to  any  address, 
on  receipt  of  the  price  by  the  Publishers  : 

American    Book  Company 

NEW  YORK  »  CINCINNATI  »  CHICAGO 


Improved  Text-Books  in  French 

Syrns's  First  Year  in  French.  128  pages    .        .        .    $0.50 

Syms's  Second  Year  in  French.       303  pages    .        .        .      1.00 
Syms's  Third   Year   in    French.         314  pages    .        .        .     1.20 

BY  L.   C.   SYMS 
Bachelier  es  Lettres,   Licencie  en  Droit  de  1'Universite  de  France. 


These  three  books  make  a  complete  course  in  French, 
designed  to  train  pupils  not  only  to  read,  but  to  speak  and 
write  the  language  correctly. 

In  their  preparation  the  author  has  aimed  to  unite  two 
contending  systems  of  teaching  languages,  one  of  which 
is  known  as  the  Natural  or  Conversational  Method,  the 
other  as  the  Translation  Method. 

The  First  Book  is  intended  for  pupils  beginning  the 
study,  and  consists  of  easy  and  progressive  lessons.  In  the 
Second  Book  the  general  plan  has  been  so  arranged  as  to 
give  an  almost  equal  space  and  time  to  reading,  conver- 
sation, translation,  and  grammar.  In  addition  to  the 
study  of  verbs,  the  basis  of  the  whole  method,  special 
attention  is  given  to  all  points  which  may  prove  to  be 
specially  difficult  for  English-speaking  students. 

The  Third  Year  in  French  follows  the  same  plan 
adopted  in  the  first  two  books  of  the  series,  and  with  them 
makes  a  complete  course  in  French,  intended  to  meet  all 
the  requirements  of  preparatory  schools,  academies,  and 
colleges.  The  reading  lessons  in  this  book  show  a 
marked  progression,  preparing  the  student  for  an  Intel- 
ligent study  of  the  masterpieces  of  French  literature. 
Selections  from  French  classic  and  modern  poets  are 
given  for  reading  and  memorizing.  It  also  contains 
tables  of  conjugations  and  of  the  principal  irregular  verbs, 
vocabularies,  etc. 

Copies  of  these  books  -will  be  sent  prepaid  to  any  address,  on  receipt  of 
the  price  by  the  Publishers  : 

American   Book  Company 

NEW  YORK  »  CINCINNATI  *  CHICAGO 

(76) 


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